First Law of Thermodynamics for Flow
Systems
Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
Dr. Withawin Vilaivannaporn
Fundamental knowledge
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Objective
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Learning Outcome
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Assessment
• Homework 5 %
• Quizzes 10 %
• Questioning 5 %
• Presentation and Reports 20%
(Problem-based learning activities)
• Exam 60 %
• Total Score 100 %
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Evaluation
Score Grade
90 – 100 A
85 – 89.99 B+
80 – 84.99 B
75 – 79.99 C+
70 – 74.99 C
65 – 69.99 D+
60 – 64.99 D
0 – 59.99 F
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Content
•The First Law of Thermodynamics
•Mass and Energy Balance for Flow systems
Mass Balance for Flow system
Energy Balance for Flow system
•Application of Energy Balance for Flow systems
Compressor
Turbine
Heat exchanger
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The
The First
First Law
Law of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
8
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy can be changed from one form to another but it cannot
be created or destroyed. The total amount of energy in the
universe remains constant.
dEuniverse dEsystem dEsurrounding 0
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Explain this system using the first law of
thermodynamics
dEsystem
dEsurrounding
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Types of Systems
Exchange of
Type of
System Mass Energy
Open √ √
Closed X √
Isolated X X
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Mass and Energy Balance for Flow Systems
12
Mass Balance for Flow Systems
Control Volume : The region of space identified for analysis of
open systems
Control Surface : The boundary of control volume
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Mass Balance for Flow Systems
d (m) cv
General equation m fs 0
dt
For the second term in mass balance m fs m 3 m 1 m 2
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Mass Balance for Flow Systems
(Measure of Flow)
General Equation
d (m) cv
m fs 0
dt
Measure of flow in mass balance
d (m) cv
uA fs 0
dt
mass
Where m fs : Mass flow rate for flow stream
mass time
: Fluid Density volume
A : Cross-section area for tube (Area)
u : Fluid velocity length
time
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Mass Balance for Flow Systems
(Measure of flow)
d (m) cv
At Steady state dt
0
uA fs 0
In the case of only one 1u1 A1 2u2 A2
entrance and one exit
u1 A1 u2 A2
Because specific volume m
is the reciprocal of density, V1 V2
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Energy Balance for Flow Systems
General equation d (mU ) cv
E fs Q W
dt
d (mU ) cv 1 2
U u zg m fs Q W
dt 2
Work rate W consists of shaft work, work of flowing fluid and
work of expansion of control volume.
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Energy Balance for Flow Systems
By assuming no expansion of control volume, there are only
shaft work and work of fluid flowingW [( PV )] W s
d (mU ) cv 1 2
U u zg m fs Q [( PV )] W s
dt 2
Combination of terms in accord with the definition of
enthalpy,
H U [(PV )]
, leads to
d (mU ) cv 1 2
H u zg m fs Q Ws
dt 2
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Energy Balance for Flow Systems
At steady state
1 2
H u zg m fs Q Ws
2
No terms for kinetic- and potential-energy changes of the
fluid in the control volume
H m fs Q W s
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Thermodynamic Processes
•Isothermal (dT = 0) : Constant temperature
process
•Isobaric (dP = 0) : Constant pressure process
Q =00) :
•Isochoric (dV Constant volume process
•Adiabatic : No heat interchange
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Example 1
Figure E1 illustrates a process in which several segments are
distinguished by numbered boundaries. List the simplifying
assumptions to make in Energy conservation for the
following segments: 1 to 5, 4 to 5 and 1 to 3.
Figure E1 Simplification of General Energy Balance
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Analysis for each segment
Energy conservation in the flow system
d (mU ) cv 1 2
H u zg m fs Q Ws
dt 2
1 to 5
Assumption
•Steady state
•Probably Ek 0
•No level change
H m fs Q W s
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Analysis for each segment
Energy conservation in the flow system
d (mU ) cv 1 2
H u zg m fs Q Ws
dt 2
4 to 5
Assumption
• Steady state
• No velocity change
• No heat transfer
• No mechanical work H zg m fs 0
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Analysis for each segment
Energy conservation in the flow system
d (mU ) cv 1 2
H u zg m fs Q Ws
dt 2
1 to 3
Assumption
• Steady state
• Probably Ek 0
• No level change
H m fs Q W s
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Application of Energy balance for Flow systems
25
Strategy to solve problems for energy balance
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Compressor
The compression of gases may be accomplished in equipment with rotating
blades or in cylinders with reciprocating pistons. This device is used to
compress the fluid and increase its pressure.
P2 P1 A. Centrifugal compressor B. Reciprocating compressor
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Example 2
Fifty kmol per hour of air is compressed from P1 = 1.2 bar to P2 = 6.0 bar in
a steady-flow compressor. Delivered mechanical power is 98.8 kW.
Temperature and velocities are:
T1 = 300 K T2 = 520 K
u1 = 10 m.s-1 u2 = 3.5 m.s-1
Estimate the rate of heat transfer from the compressor. Assume for air that
Cp = 7/2R and that enthalpy is independent of pressure.
Note: R = Universal Gas Constant , R = 8.314 J/mol.K
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Example 2
Assumption : Open system, Steady state and No level change
W s 98.8kW
P1 1.2bar
T1 300 K P2 6bar
T2 520 K
u1 10m s 1
kmol u 2 3.5m s 1
n 50
hr
Q ?
d (mU ) cv 1
H u 2 zg m fs Q W s
dt 2
1 2
H u m fs Ws Q
2
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Example 2
kg
m fs n Mw 0.4028
s
J
H c p T 220,751.04
kg
1 2 1 2 J
u (u2 u12 ) 43.86
2 2 kg
W 98.8kW
s
1 2
H u m fs Ws Q
2
9.9kW Q
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Turbine
The expansion of a gas in a nozzle to produce a high-velocity
stream is a process which in turn is converted into shaft work.
Turbine is the device in which fluid expands.
P2 P1 Gas Turbine in Power plant
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Example 3
Steam at 1400 kPa and 350oC [state 1] enters a turbine through
a pipe that is 8 cm in diameter, at a mass flow rate of 0.1 kg.s -1.
The exhaust from the turbine is carried through a 25-cm-
diameter pipe and is at 50 kPa and 100oC [state 2]. What is the
power output of the turbine ?
H1 = 3150.7 [Link]-1 V1 = 0.20024 [Link]-1
H2 = 2682.6 [Link]-1 V2 = 3.4181 [Link]-1
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Example 3
Assumption : Open system, Steady state, No level change and No heat
transfer
WS ?
P1 1400kPa P2 50kPa
H1 3150.7 kJ kg -1 H 2 2682.6 kJ kg -1
V1 0.20024 m 3 kg -1 V2 3.4181 m3 kg -1
d1 8cm d 2 25cm
u1 ? u2 ?
d (m) cv
m fs 0
dt
m fs ( uA) fs
uA fs 0
u1 3.984m s 1 , u2 6.963m s 1
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Example 3
Assumption : Open system, Steady state, No level change and No heat
transfer
d (mU ) cv 1 2
H u zg m fs Q Ws
dt 2
1 2
H u m fs Ws
2
46.81kW W s
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Heat Exchanger
A heat exchanger is a device that facilitates the process of heat
exchange between two fluids that are at different temperatures.
A) Shell and Tube heat exchanger B) Double pipe heat exchanger
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Example 4
Air is heated by steam which passes through tube in a heat exchanger.
Steam enters the heat exchanger at 30 psia and 400 oF at a rate of 15
lbm/min, and exits at 25 psia and 212 oF. Air enters at 14.7 psia and 80 oF
and exits at 130 oF. Find the volumetric flow rate of the air at the inlet.
P1 14.7 psia, T1 80o F , m Air ?,V1 ?
P3 30 psia
T3 400o F P4 25 psia
lb T4 212o F
m Steam 15 m
min
P2 14.7 psia, T2 130o F
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Example 4
Assumption: Open system, Steady state, No diameter change , No level change,
No heat transfer and No mechanical work
d (mU ) cv 1
H u 2 zg m fs Q W s
dt 2
H m fs 0 H m H m
o o i i 0
o i
H m H m
o
o o
i
i i
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Example 4
H m H m
o
o o
i
i i
Outlet m Stream H 4 m Air H 2 m Stream H 3 m Air H1 Inlet
m Stream H 4 H 3 m Air H 2 H1 0
m Stream H 4 H 3 m Air c pAir (T2 T1 ) 0
Air property
Btu
c pAir c pAverage 0.2405
lbm R
Btu
c pAir (T2 T1 ) 12.025
lbm
Btu
m Air c pAir (T2 T1 ) 12.025m Air
s
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Example 4
Steam property
Steam Inlet Open Superheated water table
Btu
P 30 psia, T 400o F : H 3 1238.6
lbm
Steam Outlet Open Compressed Water
o Btu
P 25 psia, T 212 F : H 4 180.28
lbm
lbm
m s 0.25
s
Btu
m s ( H 4 H 3 ) 264.58
s
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Example 4
m Stream H 4 H 3 m Air c pAir (T2 T1 ) 0
12.025m Air 264.58 0
lbm
m Air 22
s
TCold _ Inlet 460 T ( o F ) 460 80 540 R
RTAir _ Inlet ft 3
VAir 13.61
PAir _ inlet lbm
QAir m Air VAir
ft 3
QAir 299.42
s
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Reference
• D.M. Himmelblau, J.B. Riggs, Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical
Engineering, eighth ed., Pearson Education, Inc., New York, 2012.
• J.M. Smith, H.C. Van Ness, M.M. Abbott and M.T. Swihart, Introduction to Chemical
Engineering Thermodynamics, eighth ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2018.
• R.H. Perry, D. Green, Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, eighth ed., McGraw-
Hill, New York, 2008.
• C.J. Geankoplis Transport Processes and Unit Operations, third ed., Prentice-hall
International, Inc. 1993
• Harvey, A. (2001), Steam Tables, Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology,
Third Edition, [online], [Link]
pub_id=906704 (Accessed February 19, 2023)
• W.L. McCabe, J.C. Smith, P. Harriott Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, fifth
ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1993
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Q&A
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