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Separation Methods
Ways to separate mixtures – Chapter 3: Matter & Its
Properties
+ How do we separate …? 2
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Separating Mixtures
Substances in a mixture are physically combined, so processes bases
on differences in physical properties are used to separate component
Numerous techniques have been developed to separate mixtures to
study components
• Filtration 4
• Chromatography
• Centrifuging
• Evaporating
• Crystallization
• Dissolving
• Decantation
• Sieving
• Flotation
• Physical Means
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Filtration
Used to separate heterogeneous mixtures composed
of solids and liquids
Uses a porous barrier to separate the solid from the
liquid
Liquid passes through leaving the solid in the filter
paper
Filtration can be used
to separate an
insoluble substance
from a soluble
substance
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Distillation
Used to separate homogeneous
mixtures
Based on differences in boiling
points of substances involved
Evaporation can
be used to
separate a solute
from the solvent
in a solution
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Crystallization
Separation technique that results in the
formation of pure solid particles from a
solution containing the dissolved
substance
As one substance evaporates, the
dissolved substance comes out of
solution and collects as crystals
Produces highly pure solids
Rocky candy is an example of this
+ Centrifuging 11
•Centrifuges rotate containers of 12
liquids to separate suspended
materials with different densities.
•Centrifuges separate different components
of human blood or milk and to clarify
solutions. A high speed separator can
rotate at great speed to separate fat
(cream) from milk.
•The spin drier in washing machines is a
type of centrifuge that throws out the liquid
by the "centrifugal force" of the rotation.
A magnet
Canbe used to separate a magnetic substance
from a non-magnetic substance
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Chromatography
Separates components of a mixture based on
ability of each component to be drawn across the
surface of another material
Mixture is usually liquid and is usually drawn
across chromatography paper
Separation occurs because various components
travel at different rates
Components with strongest attraction for paper
travel the slowest
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• Chromatography ( colour writing) is
used to separate small amounts of
chemicals so that they can be
analysed.
• Different substances or different
components move at different speeds
through a strip of wet paper a gel or a
gas.
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Decantation
Decanting is done to separate
particulates from a liquid by
allowing the solids to settle to the
bottom of the mixture and pouring
off the particle-free part of the
liquid. Another method is to allow
two immiscible liquids to separate
and the lighter liquid is poured off.
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Sieving
a porous material is used to separate particles of different sizes.
method is most commonly used to effect gross separations, as of liquids from
suspended crystals or other solids.
to accelerate filtration, pressure usually is applied.
a series of sieves is stacked, with the screen of largest hole size at the top