Solution
Concentration
Review
A solution is a homogeneous mixture.
The solvent is the major component of the
solution.
The solute is the minor component and
active ingredient.
A saturated solution holds the maximum
amount of solute that is theoretically
possible for a given temperature.
How would you describe this picture?
Solution Concentration
Is one glass of tea stronger than the other?
– What’s true about the “stronger” glass of tea?
– How much tea does it have in it compared to
the other glass?
Solution Concentration
Concentration – a ratio comparing the
amount of solute to the amount of solution.
Many ways of expressing concentration:
– Molarity (M) is the one we will be dealing
with
Concentrated vs. Dilute
The words “concentrated” and “dilute” are
opposites.
EX: The dark tea is more concentrated
than the light tea.
EX: The light tea is more dilute than the
dark tea.
Concentrated vs. Dilute
= solute particles
Dilute Concentrated
solution solution
Molarity
Molarity (M)
moles of solute
Molarity
Liters of solution
– UNITS: mol/L or Molar (M)
– Example: 0.500 mol/L = 0.500 M
Molarity
What is the Molar concentration of a sol’n if 20.0 grams
of KNO3 (MM = 101.11 g/mol) is dissolved in enough
water to make 800. mL?
– Convert g of KNO3 to mol of KNO3
1 mol KNO 3
20.0 g KNO 3 x 0.198 mol KNO 3
101.11 g KNO 3
– Convert mL to L
0.001 L
800. mL x 0.800 L
1 mL
Molarity
What is the Molar concentration of a sol’n if
0.198 mol KNO3 is dissolved in enough water to
make 0.800 L?
0.198 mol KNO 3
Molarity 0.248 M
0.800 L
Molarity
What is the Molar concentration of a sol’n if 10.5 grams of
glucose (MM = 180.18 g/mol) is dissolved in enough water
to make 20.0 mL of sol’n?
– Convert g of glucose to mol of glucose.
1 mol glucose
10.5 g glucose x 0.0583 mol glucose
180.18 g glucose
– Convert mL to L.
0.001 L
20.0 mL x 0.0200 L
1 mL
Molarity
What is the Molar concentration of a sol’n if 0.0583 mol of
glucose is dissolved in enough water to make 0.0200 L of
sol’n?
0.0583 mol glucose
Molarity 2.92 M
0.0200 L
Calculating Grams
How many grams of KI
(MM = 166.00 g/mol) are
needed to prepare 25.0 mL
of a 0.750 M solution?
Calculating Grams
How many grams of KI (MM = 166.00 g/mol) are needed to prepare
25.0 mL of a 0.750 M solution?
– Convert mL to L.
0.001 L
25.0 mL x 0.0250 L
1 mL
– Solve for moles.
moles of KI
0.750 M x
0.0250 L
– moles of KI = 0.750 M x 0.0250 L = 0.0188 mol KI
Calculating Grams
How many grams of KI (MM = 166.00 g/mol) are needed to prepare
25.0 mL of a 0.750 M solution?
– Convert 0.0188 mol KI to grams.
166.00 g KI
0.0188 mol KI x 3.12 g KI
1 mol KI
Calculating Grams
How many grams of HNO3 (MM = 63.02
g/mol) are present in 50.0 mL of a 1.50 M
sol’n?
– Convert mL to L.
• 50.0 mL = 0.0500 L
– Solve for moles:
• moles = (1.50 M)(0.0500 L) = 0.0750 mol HNO3
– Convert 0.0750 mol HNO3 to grams:
• 0.0750 mol HNO3 = 4.73 g HNO3
Dilution
Dilute (verb) - to add solvent to a solution.
– Decreases sol'n concentration.
– M1V1 = M2V2
• M1 = initial conc.
• V1 = initial volume
• M2 = final conc.
• V2 = final volume
– Assumes no solute is added.
Dilution
Stock Solution Usable
Impractically Add H2O
High Concentration Solution
Question for Consideration: Why do you think
chemical supply companies typically sell acids (and
other solutions) in extremely high concentrations
when it would be safer to ship more dilute
solutions?
Dilution
To what volume should 40.0 mL of 18 M H2SO4 be
diluted if a concentration of 3.0 M is desired?
– What do we want to know?
• V2
– What do we already know?
• M1 = 18 M
• V1 = 40.0 mL
• M2 = 3.0 M
– (18 M)(40.0 mL) = (3.0 M)V2
– 720 M*mL = (3.0 M)V2
– V2 = 240 mL
Dilution
You are asked to prepare
500 mL of 0.250 M HCl,
starting with a 12.0 Molar
stock sol'n. How much
stock should you use?
Dilution
You are asked to prepare 500. mL of 0.250 M HCl,
starting with a 12.0 Molar stock sol'n. How much stock
should you use?
– What do we want to know?
• V1
– What do we already know?
• M1 = 12.0 M
• M2 = 0.250 M
• V2 = 500. mL
– (12.0 M) V1 = (0.250 M)(500. mL)
– (12.0 M) V1 = 125 M*mL
– V1 = 10.4 mL
Dilution
To how much water should you add 20.0 mL of 5.00 M
HNO3 to dilute it to 1.00 M?
– What do we want to know?
• How much water to add. (V2 - V1)
– What do we already know?
• M1 = 5.00 M
• V1 = 20.0 mL
• M2 = 1.00 M
– (5.00 M)(20.0 mL) = (1.00 M) V2
– 100. M*mL = (1.00 M) V2
– V2 = 100. mL
– Water added = 100. mL - 20.0 mL = 80. mL
Colligative Properties
Colligative properties are
properties of solutions that are
affected by the number of
particles but not the identity of
the solute
Molality
The volume of a solution changes with
temperature as it expands or contracts
altering the molarity of a solution.
So, it is sometimes more useful to describe
solutions in terms of how many moles of
solute are dissolved in a specific mass of
solvent.
Molality
This is called molality – the ratio of the
number of moles of solute dissolved in
one kilogram solvent.
The concentration of the resulting
solution can be expressed in terms of
moles of solute per volume (molarity)
or moles of solute per mass (molality).
Molality
Molality Example
Molality Example
Molality Example
Molality Example
Molality
Molality
Practice Problem
Practice Problem: Solution