Section 9.
1
Using Chemical Equations
Steven S. Zumdahl
Susan A. Zumdahl
Donald J. DeCoste
LIMITING REACTANT &
PERCENT YIELD
Gretchen M. Adams • University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
STOICHIOMETRY
Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that involves using
relationships between reactants and/or products in a
chemical reaction to determine desired quantitative data.
•Stoichiometric mixture
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
A. The Concept of Limiting Reactants
• Limiting reactant mixture
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
A. The Concept of Limiting Reactants
• Limiting reactant mixture
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Limiting reactant is the reactant that runs out first.
• H2
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
A. LIMITING REAGENT
-also known as Limiting Reactant
- is reagent that is completely used up or reached.
B. EXCESS REAGENT
-also known as Excess Reactant
- is reagent that is not used up when the reaction is
finished.
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
B. Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
Methods in Finding the Limiting Reactant
1. Calculate the actual molar ratio of the reactants and then compare the
actual ratio to the stoichiometric ratio from the balanced reaction. IF the
actual ration is greater than the stoichiometric ratio, then the element in
the consequent is the limiting reagent and the antecedent is the excess
reagent.
2. Use the coefficients of the substances and eqaure them with one another.
Use this relationship to set up ratios to convert the moles of each reactant to
moles of reaction. The reactant with fewer moles of reaction is the limiting
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
Example
1. Find the limiting reagent in the
given chemical equation. Given
that we have 2.80 g of Al and 4.25
g of Cl.
Al + Cl2 → AlCl3
1. Balance the equation
2. Convert amounts from grams to
moles
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
Concept Check
1. Find the limiting reagent in the
given chemical equation. Given
that we have 2.80 g of Al and 4.25
g of Cl.
Al + Cl2 → AlCl3
1. Balance the equation
2. Convert amounts from grams to
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
C. Percent Yield
• Theoretical Yield
The maximum amount of a given product that can be
formed when the limiting reactant is completely
consumed.
• The actual yield (amount produced) of a reaction is usually
less than the maximum expected (theoretical yield).
• Percent Yield
The actual amount of a given product as the percentage
of the theoretical yield.
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
Concept Check
1. Given that we have 2.80 g of Al
and 4.25 g of Cl. It undergoes
chemical reaction to obtain 4.95g
of AlCl3. Find the theoretical,
actual, and percent yields.
Al + Cl2 → AlCl3
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
Group Activity
ZnF2 : In an experiment, 80
1. Determine the limiting reactant and percent yield of
g of Zn are allowed to react with 105g of HF which produced 125 g of ZnF2 as
shown in the following chemical reaction.
Zn + HF → ZnF2 + H2
S
2. Consider the reaction between molten sulfur ( 8) and chlorine gas ( Cl2) to form
disulfur dichloride according to this equation:
S8 + Cl2 → S2Cl2
If 200g of sulfur results with 100g chlorine and produced 172.25g, what is the limiting
reactant and the percent yield after the chemical reaction?
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
Group Presentation
GOAL: TO CREATE AND PRESENT A PRESENTATION ABOUT THE ASSIGNED
TOPIC IN FRONT OF THE CLASS
Different energy sources
1. Fossil fuels
2. Biogas
3. Geothermal
4. Hydroelectric
5. Batteries
6. Solar cells
7. Biomass
8. Wind
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
Group Presentation
GOAL: TO CREATE AND PRESENT A PRESENTATION ABOUT THE ASSIGNED TOPIC
IN FRONT OF THE CLASS
What to include in your presentation?
[Link]
[Link] and functions Written Works-25%
[Link]
[Link] Performance Task-50%
[Link]
6.Q and A
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
Group Presentation
GOAL: TO CREATE AND PRESENT A PRESENTATION ABOUT THE ASSIGNED TOPIC
IN FRONT OF THE CLASS
Content
Instructional Materials
Comprehension
Evaluates Peers
Preparedness
Volume
Vocabulary
Posture and Eye Contact