FLIGHT CONTROL
Facilitated by : Agus Suyudi
FLIGHT CONTROL
Primary Flight Control
Provide longitudinal, directional and lateral control
of the aircraft
Used for moving the aircraft about its three axis
( Longitudinal, Vertical and Lateral axis )
Secondary / Auxiliary Flight Control
Provide additional lift during take off and landing
Decrease aircraft speed during flight
Reduce Landing speed
Assisting primary flight control
FLIGHT CONTROL
FLIGHT CONTROL
Rudder
Aileron Elevator
Spoiler
SMALL AIRCRAFT
FLIGHT CONTROL DC-9
Elevator
Gear tab
Horizontal stabilizer
Control tab
Aileron
Rudder
Trim tab
Control tab Control tab
Spoiler
Flap
Slat
DC - 9
FLIGHT CONTROL
Outer speed brakes
Inner speed brakes
Roll Spoilers
Rudder
Kruger flap Flap
Slat
All speed aileron
Elevator
Low speed aileron
Trimmable horizontal stabilizer
WIDE BODY AIRCRAFT
FLIGHT CONTROL LAY OUT B.737
Rudder
Aileron Elevator tab
Elevator
Aileron balance tab
Ground spoilers
Flight spoiler
Outb. Flap Stabilizer
Ground Inboard Flap
Spoiler
Slats Ground spoilers
Flight spoiler
Ground spoilers
Leading edge flap / Kruger flap
FLIGHT DECK CONTROL B.737
F/C Switches Fwd overhead panel
Aileron control
wheels
Stabilizer trim
control switch Stabilizer trim
control switch
Speed brake Flap control lever
control lever
Stabilizer trim
Rudder pedals control wheel
PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL
Rudder
Vertical axis Longitudinal axis
Elevator
Aileron
Lateral axis
PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL
AILERON
Roll control
Hinged on rear wing spar in the each wing
trailing edge on each outboard wing section
operated by stick / yoke or control wheel /
control column
Interconnected between left and right ailerons
Operate simultaneously in opposite direction
Friese aileron Up and Down movement
have the same deflection angle
Differential aileron have different
deflection angle
PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL
RUDDER
Yaw control
Hinged on the vertical stabilizer / fin rear spar
Operated by foot pedals / Rudder pedals
ELEVATOR
Pitch control
Hinged on the left and right horizontal stabilizer
rear spar
Operated by stick / yoke or control wheel /
control column
Interconnected between left and right elevators
Operate simultaneously in same direction
OPERATING METHODS
Direct cable system
Aerodynamically boosted cable system
Hydraulically boosted cable system
Hydraulically operated system ( transmission via steel
cable )
Hydraulically operated system ( transmission via
electric wire )
Hydraulically operated system ( transmission via
computer and electric wire )
Hydraulically operated system ( transmission via
computer and fibre optic )
CONTROL SYSTEM
Three type of control systems commonly used
The cable
Push pull rod
Torque tube
Cable assembly
Consist of : flexible cable, terminal end ( ball end,
eye end, fork end ), and turn buckle
Turnbuckle
- Used to adjust cable tension
- Provided with left hand threads on one side, and
right hand thread on another side
AILERON CONTROL
Longitudinal axis
Up Roll direction
Down
AILERONDIFFERENTIAL CONTROL
Down
ADVERSE JAW AND ADVERSE ROLL
Adverse jaw Required jawing moment
High drag
Side force
Adverse roll
Low drag
RUDDER CONTROL
Airplane movement Rudder movement
Pedal movement
Relative wind
Vertical axis
ELEVATOR CONTROL
Bellcrank Up
Pivot Pivot Neutral
Down
RUDDERVATOR
Stabilizers
Elevators Direction of jaw
Direction of pitch
Lateral axis
Functioning as an elevator Functioning as a Rudder
RUDDERVATOR
BEECHCRAFT BONANZA
PUSH PULL ROD
Rudder pedals
Clevis rod end fitting
Rivets
Torque tube
Rod ( steel or aluminum
tube )
Threaded rod end
Check nut / lock nut
Rod end bearing
AERODYNAMICALLY CONTROLED
AILERON
Control Tab
Aileron
Aileron dumper
Output to Spoilers
Aileron position sensor
Torque tube Autopilot servo
TAB BACK UP
MECHANICAL FOLLOW UP CONTROL
Servo valve centered position
Input from control column to servo valve
Actuator moves as long as the servo valve
input not centered
R P
Actuator stays in position as long the servo
valve in centered position
SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROL
FLAP
To give aircraft extra lift
Reduced landing speed shortening landing rollout
Reduced the length of the take off run
Types of Flap
Plain Flap
Split Flap
Fowler Flap
Slotted Flap
Leading edge Flap
Kruger Flap
Leading edge Flap and Kruger Flap are used in conjunction
with Trailing edge Flap
TYPES OF FLAP
Split flap Plain flap
Fowler Flap Slotted Flap
FLAP
PLAIN FLAP
FOWLER FLAP
MAXIMUM SPEEDS FOR FLAP/
SLAT EXTENDED
Example for max. allowed speeds
Slat 15 / Flap 0 IAS Max. 245 knots
Slat 15 / Flap 15 IAS Max. 245 knots
Slat 20 / Flap 20 IAS Max. 245 knots
Slat 30 / Flap 40 IAS Max. 245 knots
FLAP SYSTEM LAYOUT
SCFC = Slats Flaps Control Computer
FWC = Flight Warning Computer Control handle Indicator
SFCC FWC
Drive torque tube Control valve
Asymmetry
position pick up
Power Control Unit
Hydraulic motor
Inboard Flap
Torque limiter
Screw jack
Inboard Flap
FLAP OPERATING METHODS
Operated with Flap Control handle
Different speed different flap position setting
Hydraulic operated system using hydraulic
actuator
Hydraulic operated system using Hydraulic
motor, Drive shaft and Screw jack
Electrical operated system using Electric motor,
Drive shaft and Screw jack
Pneumatic operated system using Pneumatic
motor, Drive shaft and Screw jack
FLAP
FLAP OPERATED USING
HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR
Wing rear spar Spoiler
Flap retracted
Hydraulic actuator Flap
Flap extended
FLAP TRACK, SCREW JACK OPERATED
Flap beam
Carriage FLAP
Straight track
Mechanical actuator
Drive shaft
SLAT
LEADING EDGE FLAP / KRUEGER FLAP
Used for lift augmentation together with Flap
Attached on each Wing Leading edge
Operated with Slat control handle or Flap control
handle ( one Control handle for Flap and Slat )
Hydraulic operated system using Hydraulic
actuator
Hydro-mechanical operated system using
Hydraulic actuator and cable system
Hydro-mechanical operated system using
Hydraulic motor, Drive shaft Screw jack
Pneumatic–mechanical operated system using
Pneumatic motor, Drive shaft and Screw jack
LEADING EDGE FLAP
SLAT
Used for lift augmentation together with Flap
Attached on each Wing Leading edge
Operated with Slat control handle or Flap control
handle ( one Control handle for Flap and Slat )
Hydraulic operated system using Hydraulic
actuator
Hydro-mechanical operated system using
Hydraulic actuator and cable system
Hydro-mechanical operated system using
Hydraulic motor, Drive shaft Screw jack
Pneumatic–mechanical operated system using
Pneumatic motor, Drive shaft and Screw jack
SLAT
SLAT
SLAT
SLAT
SLAT
SLAT
SPOILER
Operate in conjunction with aileron
( Flight Spoiler )
Extend symmetrically as Speed brake
( Secondary function )
Located on the left and right wing
upper surfaces
SPOILERS
RH Spoilers
LH Spoilers
SURFACE CONFIGURATION
Aileron UP
Aileron DOWN
ROLL SPOILER FOR AILERON ASSISTANCE
SURFACE CONFIGURATION
PARTIALLY EXTENDED AS SPEED BRAKE
GROUND SPOILER
FOR TAKE OFF ABORT AND LANDING ROLL OUT
SURFACE CONFIGURATION
FULLY EXTENDED PARTIALLY EXTENDED RETRACTED
SPOILER
SPEED BRAKE
Sometimes called Dive flap or Dive brake
Used to slow aircraft in flight, during
descending or landing approach by create
turbulence and drag
Located on the left and right fuselage or
above or below wing surfaces or tail
section
SPEED BRAKE AND SPOILER
Inner Speed brakes
Outer Speed brakes
LIFT DUMPER AND SPEED BRAKE
Lift dumper Speed brake
SPEED BRAKE
Speed brake
Speed brake
TABS
Attached on trailing edge primary control
surface
Used to aid the pilot easier movement or
better balance of the control surface
TABS
Elevator trim tab
Rudder Aileron trim tab
trim tab
TRIM TABS <roll and yaw>
To correct any tendency of the aircraft to move
toward an undesirable flight attitude
Control the balance of the aircraft, it maintains
straight and level flight, without pressure on
the control column or rudder pedal
Used mechanical control or electrical actuator
or adjusted on the ground before take off.
Opposite direction with deflection of the flight
control surfaces
SERVO TABS
As flight tab
Used on the large control surfaces
Opposite direction with deflection of the
flight control surface
Aid to moving the main control surface
TRIM AND SERVO TABS
AERODYNAMICALLY CONTROLED
AILERON
Control Tab
Aileron
Aileron dumper
Output to Spoilers
Aileron position sensor
Torque tube Autopilot servo
BALANCE AND SPRING TABS
Balance Tab
Opposite direction with deflection of the
flight control surface
Aid to moving the main control surface
Spring Tab
Opposite direction with deflection of the
flight control surface
Aid to moving the main control surface
BALANCE AND SPRING TABS
HORIZONTAL STABILIZER / FIN
Provide longitudinal trim of the airplane
Mechanically / Electrically / Hydraulically
operated
Mounted on the Mid or Top of the
Vertical fin or Tail section
Control from the cockpit by Control
wheel switch, Control wheel, or Switch
HORIZONTAL STABILIZER / FIN
Alternate
motor Primary
motor
Follow up
cable
Longitudinal trim actuator
ELECTRICAL TRIM ACTUATOR
Primary trim motor
Alternate trim motor
THS
Mechanical feedback
for position indication
Structure
HYDRAULICALLY TRIM MOTOR
Hydraulic motor
Pivot point
Mechanical input shaft
Pressure OFF brake Rig pin
Blocking valves Screw jack
Ballnut
FLAP
HIGH LIFT DEVICES
Used in combination with airfoils to reduce the take
off and landing speed by changing the lift
characteristic of an airfoil
Two High lift devices commonly used on the aircraft
are Slot and Flap
On heavier aircraft used Slat, Slot, Leading edge Flap
and Trailing edge Flap
High Lift Devices
Slot
Flap
JAW DUMPER
General
Many of the hight speed aircraft with sweept-back
wings have the undesirable problem of Dutch Roll,
it can be very uncomfortable to the passengers
The Jaw Dumper used to counteract the dutch roll
( Jawing-Rolling oscilation )
Operated independently either aircraft flown
automatically or manually
DUTCH ROLL MOVEMENT
Flight patch
STALL STRIPS
Use to produce small vortex which reaches
the horizontal stabilizer
Installed on smaller aircraft at the wings
leading edge, where no slats are installed
If the angle of attack reaches an extreme
angle, the pilot can feel the vibration
caused by the vortex via the elevator
vibration
STALL STRIP
Length of strip 3 - 30 cm
STALL STRIP
FLIGHT CONTROL RIGGING
The flight control surfaces must be adjusted /
rigged to obtain synchronized movement with the
movement of the cockpit controls
Rigging equipment consist of :
- Cable rigging tension charts
- Tensiometers
- Protractors
- Rigging fixtures ( Rig pins, clamps )
- Contour templates
- Rules
FLIGHT CONTROL RIGGING
General procedure the flight control rigging
consist of the following :
1. Positioning the flight control system in the neutral
position and temporary locking with rig pins or blocks
2. Adjusting surfaces travel, system cable tension,
linkages, and adjustable stops
The flight control rigging always follow the
procedures and methods specified by the
Aircraft Manufacturer
CABLE RIGGING CHART
Value included 10% structural deflection Design limit rig load Lbs
Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit
CABLE TENSIOMETER
UNIVERSAL PROPELLER PROTRACTOR
FLIGHT CONTROL CABLES RIGGING
FLAP
STRUCTURAL ALIGNMENT CHECK
Used to ensure that the components are not distorted
and that the angles are within the specified limits
Should be checked after hard landing or after
experiencing abnormal flight loads such as flight with
heavy turbulence
Alignment check usually include :
- Wing dihedral angle and incidence angle
- Engine alignment
- Horizontal stabilizer incidence and dihedral
- Verticality of the fin
- A symmetry check
STRUCTURAL ALIGNMENT CHECK
Precautions must be observed
Aircraft should be leveled
Ensure that the maximum jacking weight is not
exceeded
Should be checked in the hangar not be undertaken
in the open. If this cannot be avoided, the aircraft
should be positioned with the nose into the wind
CHECKING DIHEDRAL ANGLE
Special dihedral board with Straight edge and adjustable level
spirit level incorporated
CHECKING ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
Bubble level
Straight edge and adjustable level
Stop Incidence board
Chord line
CHECKING FIN VERTICALITY
SYMMETRY CHECK
SMALL AIRCRAFT
Usually using a steel tape
LARGE AIRCRAFT
Using plumb bob, marking
chalk on the floor and
measuring tape
FLIGHT CONTROL BALANCING
Static balance
Is the tendency of an object to remain stationary
when supported from its own center of gravity
Accomplished by adding weight to the forward
section of the hinge line until it weight the same
as the aft section
Continue
Aerodynamic balance
Achieved by extending a portion of the
control surface ahead of the hinge line
Various method hinge installation :
Overhang, Handley- Page, and Friese
Unbalance surface has tendency to flutter
as air passes on it
After repaired Flight control surface Do
static balancing
FORM AERODYNAMIC BALANCE
Overhang
Handley Page
Friese
Balancing methods
Calculation method
Scale method
Trial weight method Trial and error
Component method
Balancing required removing flight control
surface from the aircraft Scale method
Balancing not required removing flight control
surface from the aircraft Calculation method
Static balance
A B C
Chord line Chord line
Chord line
A. Tail down under balance ( Plus condition )
B. Nose down over balance ( Minus condition )
C. Level horizontal position ( Balanced condition )
Calculation method
Scale method
Bubble protractor Hinge center line
Trim tab Rudder
Adjustable support
Support stand
Bracket
Weight scale
Trial weight method
