RRS PRESENTATION

MODULE 2
20119031-20119044
[Link] brief notes on reconstruction of bulged portion of masonry wall?

● Unusual swelling on a brick or stone wall is known as bulging.

● It is caused by excess water getting inside mortar [Link] joints deteriorate and allow excess
water to get inside the structure.

How to repair:

● In minor cases, a professional can inject grout behind the wall to sufficiently address the problem.
The grout works to improve the overall strength of the wall, while filling in voids where mortar has
decomposed. This will prevent bulging.
● For a temporary fix, metal plates or special screws can be installed for additional support.
● In more severe cases, brick must be removed and reinstalled. Fixing the entire wall will
prevent you from conducting the same repairs in the future.
● The process includes installing scaffolding, removing portions of damaged bricks, cleaning
and replacing them (if it is possible to reuse existing bricks), installing anchors, and putting
back together all pieces of the wall.
[Link] the following methods of retrofitting of masonry walls.
(i) Splint and bandage technique
(ii) Prestressing of masonry
(iii)Using FRP fabric
SPLINT AND BANDAGE TECHNIQUE

● In this method reinforcing bars are provided at most critical locations,

wherever stress concentrations can develop.
● Splints - vertical elements provided at corners, wall junctions and jambs
of openings in the external faces of the building.
● Objective - provide integrity in vertical direction.
● Bandages - horizontal elements running around all the walls and building
● Objective - integrate various walls together thereby preventing potential
out of plane collapse of walls.
● Openings are also surrounded by splints and bandages to prevent
initiation and widening of cracks from their corners.
PRESTRESSING OF MASONRY

● A horizontal compression state induced by horizontal tendons to

improve the shear strength of in-plane walls.
● Also improves the connections between orthogonal walls.
● Placing two steel rods on the two sides of the wall and strengthening
them by turnbuckles.
● Done at lintel level and just below the floor and roof structure.
● Improves the earthquake resistance of the building and will delay
the collapse.
● Cheaper and will be effective for small and simple buildings.
USING FRP FABRIC

● Axial strengthening system used to improve or enhance the

capacity of reinforced concrete beams.
● Used for both circular as well as a rectangular-shaped column but it
is more effective in former shape.
● Increases the ultimate load-carrying capacity of reinforced
concrete members and improves the shear capacity of the
reinforced concrete element.
● The ductility of a reinforced concrete column is increased
considerably.
3. Explain the relevance of stitching of wall corners?

The tensile strength of a cracked concrete section can be restored by stitching in a manner similar to
sewing cloth.

● Reinforcing external corners with crack stitching bars.

● A series of helical bars are used.
● Bars are bent at right angle, are bonded into slots with polymer modified grout.
● The bars form layers of concealed reinforcement for stitching cracks at a corner.
Procedure

1. Deep chase -Two deep chases are made into the mortar to create a gap in the bed joint.
2. Cleaned and grouted - The deep chases are cleaned out to remove any debris and a bead of
grout is injected.
3. Bars cut to size - High grade stainless helical bars are cut down to size to fit into the bed
joint.
4. Set and Grouted - The bars are then inserted into the bed joint and pushed into the grout. A
second bead of grout is then applied on top.
5. Concealed - Once in place, the crack is concealed using mortar to maintain the original style
of the property.
4. How the retrofitting of masonry structure done using :

(i) Shotcrete
(ii) FRP fabric
(iii) RC and steel frame
(i) Shotcrete:

● In the case of weak masonry and absence of enough solid piers to resist seismic loads,
shotcrete is ideally suitable for unreinforced masonry buildings
● Shotcrete is a concrete mix pneumatically applied to a solid surface.

Wet mix : for large volumes and massive section.

Dry mix or gunite : for lesser volumes, thin sections and confined spaces.
Design mix:

● Mix may be a combination of one part portland cement and three parts sand by volume. (1:3)
● Shotcrete must have compatible stiffness values to the masonry walls. A 4 to 5 inch shotcrete is
often sufficient.

Results:

● It increases the in-plane diagonal strength and inelastic deflection capacity

● Full composite behavior may be observed between the new shotcrete and old masonry.
● Strength characteristics of shotcrete are higher due to high compaction energy and low water
cement ratio.
(ii) Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP):

● It consisting of stiff and strong reinforcing fibre(primarily carbon and glass) held together.
● The method is simple and rapid.
● It is cheaper than reinforced shotcrete or replacement of wall.
● It increases the lateral resistance and ductility of masonry walls.

Procedure:

● The surface should be roughened by grinding and then cleaned with high air pressure
● Holes are filled with epoxy mortar
● FRP sheets are fixed to surface of masonry substrate by epoxy resin
● Steel plates are used to ensure non occurrence of anchorage failure by anchoring the FRP to the slab
and foundation.
(iii) RC and steel frame:

● The in -plane strength of masonry walls reduced due to openings.

● It may be increased by employing the technique which consists of making an RC or steel frame
inside the opening.
● Another alternative is to place vertical jamb steel at the edges of opening, while the horizontal
edges of the opening are reinforced with reinforcement bar spanning between the jamb
reinforcement.
5. Explain how parapets can be strengthened against earthquake forces.

Parapet walls are non structural elements that behave like cantilevers if they remain

unrestrained and are subjected to greater amplification as compared to ground motion

becoming prone to failure.

Strengthening of parapets

● Retrofitting-It is a technique for upgrade the strength and structural capacity of an

existing/damaged structure to enable it to safely withstand the effect of strong
earthquakes in future.
● Retrofitting of unreinforced masonry parapets above public access areas is a
considerably effective method of minimizing hazards.
● The basic element of seismic retrofitting of these vulnerable parapets involves bracing
parapet roofs and connecting floor diaphragms to the wall through the anchor.

● Some engineers consider parapets with height to thickness ratio of less than 2.5 to be
stable and in no need of strengthening.

● Constructing reinforced concrete parapets with low height to thickness ratio and proper
anchoring to the roof diaphragm
 [Link] the method of jacketing or external binding

•IPROCEDURE OF RC JACKETING

•It can be employed as a repair or strengthening scheme.

•First prepare the surface of existing structural member.
•Provide shear key and reinforcement around the existing column.
•Bonding agent is applied over prepared surface of existing column and concrete is casted.

•It can be employed as a repair or strengthening scheme.

•First prepare the surface of existing structural member.
•Provide shear key and reinforcement around the existing column.
•Bonding agent is applied over prepared surface of existing column and concrete is casted.
•of existing structural member.
•Provide shear key and reinforcement around the existing column.
•Bonding agent is applied over prepared surface of existing column and concrete is casted.
•KETING

•It can be employed as a repair or strengthening scheme.

•First prepare the surface of existing structural member.
•Provide shear key and reinforcement around the existing column.
•Bonding agent is applied over prepared surface of existing column and concrete is casted.
•PROCEDURE OF RC JACKETING

•It can be employed as a repair or strengthening scheme.

•First prepare the surface of existing structural member.
•Provide shear key and reinforcement around the existing column.
•Bonding agent is applied over prepared surface of existing column and concrete is casted.
•PROCEDURE OF RC JACKETING

•It can be employed as a repair or strengthening scheme.

•First prepare the surface of existing structural member.
•Provide shear key and reinforcement around the existing column.
•Bonding agent is applied over prepared surface of existing column and concrete is casted.
•PROCEDURE OF RC JACKETING

•It can be employed as a repair or strengthening scheme.

•First prepare the surface of existing structural member.
•Provide shear key and reinforcement around the existing column.
•Bonding agent is applied over prepared surface of existing column and concrete is casted.
•[Link] can be employed as a repair or strengthening scheme.
• First prepare the surface of existing structural member.
• Provide shear key and reinforcement around the existing column.
• Bonding agent is applied over prepared surface of existing column and concrete is [Link] can be employed as a repair or strengthening scheme.
• First prepare the surface of existing structural member.
• Provide shear key and reinforcement around the existing column.
• Bonding agent is applied over prepared surface of existing column and concrete is [Link] can be employed as a repair or strengthening scheme.
• First prepare the surface of existing structural member.
• Provide shear key and reinforcement around the existing column.
• Bonding agent is applied over prepared surface of existing column and concrete is casted.
 SHEAR KEY
● Drill holes of specified diameter and depth to receive shear key.
● Clean the drilled holes by blowing air.
● Inject epoxy bonding paste in drilled holes to fill it from ends to half of the holes.
● Insert “L” shaped shear key and allow epoxy to cure
BONDING AGENT
● It is needed to properly bond new concrete with old concrete.
● So a bonding agent should be applied to surface of old concrete before casting of new
concrete.
● Generally epoxy bonding paste is used as bonding agent.

FUNCTIONS:
● Bond properly new concrete & old concrete
● Treat a monolithic column
● Whole section is effective
REINFORCEMENT

● The longitudinal and transverse reinforcement as per design are fixed around the existing
column.
● Reinforcement is properly tied with shear key using binding wire.
ADMIXTURE
A hyper plasticizer admixture is used with new concrete to increase the strength & workability.

FUNCTIONS
● It creates the concrete flowable
● Eliminates the difficulty of vibration
● Increases the strength of new concrete

CASTING OF CONCRETE
Formwork is installed around the existing column and proper support is provided to withstand the
newly poured concrete.

Finally concrete is poured and curing is done

STEEL JACKETING
● Addition of steel often applied in the form of plates
and jackets.
● Main advantage is it does not add significant weight to
structure in comparison with concrete and also it saves
curing time.
● Disadvantage is it requires heavy equipments to handle
and maintenance is more difficult.
FRP JACKETING
● It is a fiber reinforced polymer composite jacket used for strengthening.
● Very effective for confinement & shear strengthening
● FRP composites present advantages over a traditional confinement technique.
● The cross section dimension of column does not increase, which permits compliance
with architecture restraints.
● Due to light weight of FRP material, the installation procedure is faster and easier
7. Explain the method of shotcreting.

● Shotcrete is a term used for concrete and mortar conveyed through a hose pipe and sprayed at high
velocity on to a surface.
● In the case of weak masonry and absence of enough solid piers to resist seismic loads, shotcrete is
ideally suitable for unreinforced masonry buildings
● Shotcrete is a concrete mix pneumatically applied to a solid surface.
1. Wet mix: for large volumes and massive section.
2. Dry mix or gunite: for lesser volumes, thin sections and confined spaces.
Design mix

● Mix may be a combination of one part portland cement and three parts sand by volume. (1:3)
● Shotcrete must have compatible stiffness values to the masonry walls. A 4 to 5 inch shotcrete is
often sufficient.

Results

1. It increases the in-plane diagonal strength and inelastic deflection capacity

2. Full composite behavior may be observed between the new shotcrete and old masonry.
3. Strength characteristics of shotcrete are higher due to high compaction energy and low water
cement ratio.
8 . What are the different modes of failure of masonry structures?
With neat figures explain out-of-plane failure and in-plane-failure.
DIFFERENT MODES OF FAILURE OF MASONRY STRUCTURE

❏ Out-of-plane failure
❏ In plane failure
❏ Connection failure
❏ Diaphragm failure
❏ Pounding
❏ Failure due to opening in the walls
❏ Non-structural component failure
OUT-OF-PLANE FAILURE

● The earthquake force is perpendicular to the longitudinal wall axis.

● The wall tends to overturn or bend.
● This causes partial or full collapse of the wall.
● Inadequate anchorage of wall into the roof diaphragm.
● Limited tensile strength of masonry.
● Characterized by vertical cracks at corner, cracks at lintel, roof level and gable wall, etc
IN-PLANE FAILURE

● The earthquake force is parallel to the plane.

● In-plane failure of walls in un-reinforced masonry structure are due to excessive
bending or shear.
● Commonly it leads to form double diagonal shear cracking.
● Openings for doors and windows significantly reduce in-plane resistance.
● Characterized by vertical cracks at wall intersection, separation of corners of two
walls, spalling of materials, etc.
IN-PLANE FAILURE
9 Explain the following structural level retrofitting techniques

(I) Confinements with RC elements

Retrofitting of RCC structural members is carried out to regain the strength of deteriorated
structural concrete elements and to prevent further distress in concrete. Strength deficiency
of concrete structural members can be due to poor workmanship, design errors, and
deterioration due to the aggression of harmful agents.
The retrofitting process shall start with investigation and diagnosis of cracks and then applying
suitable retrofitting technique and compatible materials.

There are several techniques which are used to retrofit structural members such as
● Section enlargement
● External plate bonding,
● External post-tensioning, grouting,
● Fibre reinforced polymer composites.

Based on the severity of the damage and required capacity to be regained, a proper retrofitting
technique is specified and implemented.
When do RCC Structural Members Need Retrofitting?
There are several problems that RCC structural members experience and needed to be tackled. Common problems
include:

[Link] cracks.
[Link] to structural members.
[Link] loading.
[Link] in design or construction.
[Link] of structural system.
[Link] damage.
[Link] due to penetration- honey combs
Retrofitting Methods for RCC Structural Members

1. Fiber Reinforced polymer(FRP) composites.

2. External plate bonding.
3. Near Surface Mounted FRP bars or Strips.
4. Section enlargement.
5. External post-tensioning.
6. Grouting.
7. Epoxy Injection
Factors Governing Selection of Retrofitting Methods

1. Existing concrete strength.

2. Accessibility to work areas.
3. Magnitude of strength to be enhanced.
4. Cost of Construction and maintenance.
5. Time constraints.
6. Clearance issues.
7. Seismic effect consideration.
8. Environmental aspects.
[Link] with steel elements

● Steel elements used in retrofitting Steel elements in the form of plates, channels, angles, I-sections along
with anchor bolts / through bolts could be used for retrofitting a damaged RCC building.

● The detailing of the joints of Steel members with the cracked RCC members requires study of the nature
of cracks, their extent and depth.

● The structural behaviour and its failure mechanisms could be classified broadly as Global and Local
based on the symptoms manifested in its failing members.
 10. With reference to masonry buildings, list the classification of 6 damage levels
citing their degree of severity

GRADE CRACKS DAMAGE LEVEL DEFINITION FOR LOAD BEARING MASONRY

G0 Undamaged No visible damage

G1 Slight Damage Hairline Cracks

G2 Moderate Damage Cracks 5-20mm

G3 Heavy Damage Cracks 20mm or wall material dislodge

G4 Partial Destruction Complete collapse of individual wall material or roof support

G5 Collapse More than one wall collapsed or more than half of roof
11 Explain the following modes of failure in masonry structure with neat
sketches
(i)Diaphragm failure
(ii)Failure of connection
(iii)Non-structural components
(iv)Pounding
DIAPHRAGM FAILURE
● Diaphragm failure is a rare phenomenon in the event of seismic motion. Damage to the
diaphragm never impairs its gravity load carrying capacity. Lack of motion anchoring produces a
non-bending cantilever action at the base of the wall resulting from the push of the diaphragm
against the wall.

(a)shear failure

(b)failure resulting from diaphragm flexibility in Loma Prieta earthquake

CONNECTION FAILURE
●This type of failure is characterized by diagonal cracks disposed on both the wall’s
edge causing separation and collapse of the corner zone.

Failure of connection of walls:(a)characterization of failure(b)collapse of corner

zone
NON STRUCTURAL COMPONENT FAILURE
● Parapet walls, partition walls, mumty, water tanks, projections and staircase are non
structural elements behave like cantilevers if they remain unrestrained and are subjected
to greater amplification as compared to ground motion becoming prone to failure.

(a)parapet failure (b)out of plane failure of a parapet

POUNDING
● Pounding effect in building simply means collision between buildings due to
earthquake load. Pounding is the result of irregular response of adjacent buildings of
different heights and of different dynamic properties.

Vertical cracks in the adjacent walls,diagonal cracks due to different levels in the structures
12) Explain the method of repointing

• Repointing is the process of renewing the pointing, which is the external part of mortar joints,
in masonry construction. Over time, weathering and decay cause voids in the joints between
masonry units, usually in bricks, allowing the undesirable entrance of water. Water entering
through these voids can cause significant damage through frost weathering and from salt
dissolution and deposition. Repointing is also called pointing, or pointing up, although these
terms more properly refer to the finishing step in new construction.

• Removal of existing mortar up to 1/3 of wall thickness followed by proper cleaning of

surfaces by compressed air brush or steam of water and insertion of new mortar.

• Steel reinforcement is sometimes placed in bed joints to improve ductility.

• REPOINTING PROCESS

• 1) Examining the structure

• 2) Establishing materiels

• 3) Test panels

• 4) Removal of old mortar

• 5) Filling of new mortar

13. Explain the following structural level retrofitting techniques

● Adding reinforcement to masonry walls

● Inserting new walls
● Exterior supplemental elements
Different structural retrofitting techniques are:

● Confinement with RC elements

● Adding reinforcement to masonry walls
● Connection between inserting walls
● Pre-stressing
● Exterior binding or Jacketing
● Inserting new walls
● Exterior supplemental elements
● Adding reinforcement to masonry walls

● Inserting reinforcement into the masonry wall may increase its flexural and shear
capacities.

● Reinforcement may be inserted from the side or centrally or placed externally.

● Reinforcement from side : cutting vertical slots at the desired intervals (4ft c/c) in
the wall either from inner or outer face. After insertion slots are filled with grout.
● Centre coring :insertion of reinforcement from centre of wall may take place by
providing vertical cores from the top continuously through the wall into the existing
footing.

● Spacing : 4 to 5ft

● The core should be grouted with regular non-shrink grout.

● Inserting new walls
● In the case the existing buildings show dissymmetry which may produce
dangerous torsional effects during earthquakes.

● The main problem in such modifications is the connection of new walls with old
walls.

● The link to the old walls is performed by means of a number of keys made in
the old walls.

● Steel is inserted in them and local cement infilling is made. In the second case
however connection can be achieved by a number of steel bars inserted in small
length drilled holes which substitute keys
T-JUNCTION
Corner junction
● Exterior supplemental elements

● Provision of additional shear walls at the perimeter of building or external

buttresses.

● The buttresses must have sufficient capacity against overturning forces and
uplift forces therefore it requires additional foundation.
Strengthening of long walls by buttress
 14. Explain confined masonry

➢ Confined masonry is a construction system where the masonry walls are built first, and
the concrete columns and beams are poured in afterwards to enclose (confine) the wall.

➢ If built correctly, performs very well in earthquakes. Confined masonry construction is

a combination of two masonry, which consists of masonry walls (clay brick or
concrete block units) and horizontal and vertical RC confining members built on all
four sides of a masonry wall panel.

➢ In confined masonry construction, the masonry walls carry the seismic loads and the
concrete is used to confine the walls.
 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

1. Masonry Walls :Masonry walls transfer the loads of the upper slabs to the foundation successfully.

2. Confining elements: The confining elements provide restraint to masonry walls and protect them from
complete disintegration, even in the event of a major earthquake.

3. Slabs (Floor and Roof): The slab of the confined masonry helps in transmitting both gravity and lateral
loads to the walls. In an earthquake, the piece behaves like horizontal beams and is called diaphragms.

4. Plinth Beam or Band: The plinth band transfers the load from the walls down to the foundation by
protecting the ground floor walls from excessive settlement in soft soil conditions.

5. Foundation: The foundation acts typically as in conventional masonry by transferring the load from
structure to ground

.
[Link] the different retrofitting techniques that are applied in between
intersecting wall with neat sketches
The following are the most common method of retrofitting a building

1. Adding New Shear Wall

2. Adding Steel Bracing
3. Base Isolation Technique
4. Moment Frame Technique
1. Adding New Shear Wall:

● This is a frequently used technique for retrofitting

of building of non-ductile reinforced concrete
frame buildings.

● The elements can be either cast-in-place or pre-cast

concrete elements.

● New elements preferably are placed at the exterior

of the building.

● This method id not preferred in the interior of the

structure to avoid interior moldings.
2. Adding Steel Bracing

● Steel bracing is an effective solution in the retrofitting of building when large

openings are required.

● Potential advantages due to higher strength and stiffness and opening for natural light
can be provided.

● The amount of work is also less so foundation cost may be minimized and adds much
less weight to the existing structure.
3. Base Isolation Technique

● Isolation of superstructure from the foundation is known as base isolation. It is the most powerful
method for passive structural vibration control techniques.

● When building isolates from the ground it causes lesser seismic loads, hence lesser damage to the
structure and minimum repair of the super–structure.

● The main demerit of this method is, it cannot be applied to structures like other retrofitting and
expensive in the budget.

● This method is inefficient for high rise buildings and not suitable for buildings rested on soft soils.
[Link] frames

This is a technique in which the intersecting walls are connected by a series of

beams and columns to form a moment resisting frame. The
beams and columns are typically made of reinforced concrete or steel, and are
designed to resist the bending moments caused by lateral loads.