INSTRUCTOR

ENG. HASSAN EL-RAMMAL

CERTIFIED VIBRATION ANALYST
VIBRATION INSTITUTE VI - USA
TOTAL DESTRUCTION OF A
GENERATOR
ROLLING-ELEMENT BEARING
DAMAGE
MAINTENANCE
TYPES
VIBRATION
WHY
VIBRATION!!!!????????

Vibration is used as the fault detection

parameter simply because it can give an early
warnings of fault development for a wider
variety of typical rotating machinery faults.
Other detection techniques, if used in isolation,
limit the variety of faults, and so unexpected
breakdown by a fault type not included, is a
real possibility.
IMPORTANCE OF STUDY
VIBRATION IN ENGINEERING
• The structures designed to support the high speed engines and turbines are
subjected to vibration.
• Due to faulty design and poor manufacture, there is unbalance in the engines
which causes excessive and unpleasant stresses in the rotating system
because of vibration.
• The vibration causes rapid wear of machine parts such as bearings and gears.
• Unwanted vibrations may cause loosening of parts from the machine.
• Because of improper design or material distribution, the wheels of locomotive
can leave the track due to excessive vibration which results in accident or
heavy loss.
IMPORTANCE OF STUDY VIBRATION IN
ENGINEERING
CONTND…

• Many buildings, structures and bridges fall because of vibration.

• If the frequency of excitation coincides with one of the natural frequencies of
the system, a condition of resonance is reached, and dangerously large
oscillations may occur which may result in the mechanical failure of the
system.
• Vibration can be used for useful purposes.
• It is useful for the propagation of sound.
BASIC DEFINITIONS
• Periodic motion: A motion which repeats itself after equal intervals of time.
• Time period: Time taken to complete one cycle.
• Frequency: Number of cycles per unit time.
• Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a vibrating body from its
equilibrium position.
• Natural frequency: When no external force acting on the system after giving it
an initial displacement, the body vibrates. These vibrations are called free
vibrations and their frequency as natural frequency. It is expressed in rad/sec
or Hertz.
• Resonance: When the frequency of external excitation is equal to the natural
frequency of a vibrating body, the amplitude of vibration becomes excessively
large.
 WHAT IS VIBRATION!!???
What is Vibration?
Vibration is mechanical oscillation about a
reference position. Vibration is an everyday
phenomenon, we meet it in our homes,
during transport and at work. Vibration is
often a destructive and annoying side effect
of a useful process, but is sometimes
generated intentionally to perform a task.
WHAT IS VIBRATION!!???
CONTINUED…
WHAT IS VIBRATION!!???
CONTINUED…
WHAT’S THE MAIN REASONS OF
VIBRATION??

• Unbalanced centrifugal force in the system. This is caused

because of non-uniform material distribution in a rotating
machine element.
• Elastic nature of the system.
• External excitation applied on the system.
VIBRATION OF MACHINE

Vibration is a result of dynamic forces in machines which have moving parts and
in structures which are connected to the machine.
Different parts of the machine will vibrate with various frequencies and
amplitudes. Vibration causes wear and fatigue. It is often responsible for the
ultimate breakdown of the machine.
USEFUL VIBRATION

Vibration is generated intentionally in

component feeders, concrete
compactors, ultrasonic cleaning baths
and pile drivers, for example. Vibration
testing machines impart vibration to
objects in order to test their resistance
and function in vibratory environments.
VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS
INTRODUCING PERIOD &
FREQUENCY
INTRODUCING PERIOD & FREQUENCY
CONTND…
Mass and Spring
• Once a (theoretical) system of a mass and a spring is set in motion it will continue this motion
with constant frequency and amplitude.
• The system is said to oscillate with a sinusoidal waveform.
The Sine Curve
• The sine curve which emerges when a mass and a spring oscillate can be described by its
amplitude (D) and period (T).
• Frequency is defined as the number of cycles per second and is equal to the reciprocal of the
period. By multiplying the frequency by 2π the angular frequency is obtained, which is again
proportional to the square root of spring constant k divided by mass m.
• The frequency of oscillation is called the natural frequency fn. The whole sine wave can be
described by the formula d = Dsin wnt, where d = instantaneous displacement and D = peak
displacement.
SIGNAL LEVEL DESCRIPTOR
SIGNAL LEVEL DESCRIPTOR
CONTINUED…
The level of vibration signal can be described in different
ways. Peak and peak-to-peak values are often used to
describe the level of a vibration signal since they indicate
the maximum excursion from equilibrium position. The RMS
(Root Mean Square) level is a very good descriptor, since it
is a measure of the energy content of the vibration signal.
TIME SIGNAL DESCRIPTOR
TIME SIGNAL DESCRIPTOR
CONTINUED…
These descriptors are not only used in
conjunction with a single sinusoidal signal but
also with normal machine vibration signals
which are composed of many sinusoidal
vibration components.
FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM (FFT)
FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM
(FFT)
CONTINUED…
• We can use the Fourier transform to perform a frequency analysis.
• The time signal is multiplied by some complex number and then integrated
over all time.
• This complex number is actually a frequency shift from any frequency of
interest down to DC.
• Then the average value of this DC is extracted.
• One problem is already seen — we have to know the signal from minus to
plus infinity.
SPECTRUM ANALYSIS
SPECTRUM ANALYSIS
CONTINUED…

• We see that the longer the period of the sine wave, the
lower the frequency.
• The magnitude of the peak in the spectrum corresponds
to the energy content of the sine wave (RMS).
VIBRATION IN TIME DOMAIN VS. FREQUENCY DOMAIN
MEASURING VIBRATION
VIBRATION PARAMETERS
MECHANICAL PARAMETERS
• Before going into a discussion about vibration measurement and
analysis, we will examine the basic mechanical parameters and
components and how they interact.
• All mechanical systems contain the three basic components:
spring, damper, and mass.
• When each of these in turn is exposed to a constant force they
react with a constant displacement, a constant velocity and a
constant acceleration respectively.
ACCELERATION, VELOCITY &
DISPLACEMENT
ACCELERATION, VELOCITY &
DISPLACEMENT
WHICH PARAMETER SHOULD BE USED????
• Vibration may be measured in acceleration, velocity or displacement.
• For higher frequencies the velocity is higher than the displacement, and
acceleration is higher than velocity.
• Note that the peaks in the three spectra from a real machine are situated at
the same frequencies.
• For very high frequencies, the peaks may not be seen in the displacement
spectra due to noise.
ACCELERATION, VELOCITY &
DISPLACEMENT
WHICH PARAMETER SHOULD BE USED????
• Which Parameter to Choose?
• If the type of measurement being carried out does not call for a particular parameter to be
measured e.g. due to some standard, the general rule is that the parameter giving the flattest
response over the frequency range of interest should be chosen. This will give the biggest
dynamic range of the whole measurement set up. If the frequency response is not known
start by choosing velocity.
• An advantage of the accelerometer is that its electrical output can be integrated to give
velocity and displacement signals.
• This is important since it is best to perform the analysis on the signal which has the flattest
spectrum. If a spectrum is not reasonably flat, the contribution of components lying well
below the mean level, will be less noticeable. In the case of overall measurements, smaller
components might pass completely undetected.
ACCELERATION, VELOCITY &
DISPLACEMENT
WHICH PARAMETER SHOULD BE USED????
Use the Flattest Spectrum
• In most cases this will mean that velocity is used as the detection parameter on machine
measurements. On some occasions acceleration may also be suitable, although most
machines will exhibit large vibration accelerations only at high frequencies.
• It is rare to find displacement spectra which are flat over a wide frequency range, since most
machines will only exhibit large vibration displacements at low frequencies.
• In the absence of frequency analysis instrumentation to initially check the spectra, it is safest
to make velocity measurements (but still using the accelerometer, of course, since even the
integrated accelerometer signal gives a better dynamic and frequency range than the velocity
transducer signal).
UNITS OF VIBRATION SIGNALS
UNITS OF VIBRATION SIGNALS
CONTND…
Displacement:
• 1 Micron = 1µm = 1000th of 1mm = 0.04 mils
• 1 Mil = 1000th of 1inch = 25.4 microns

Velocity:
• mm/sec or inch/sec, as 1mm = 0.04 inch
EARLY METHODS OF VIBRATION
MEASUREMENT
MACHINE LEVER
PROXIMITY PROBE
VELOCITY PICKUP
PEIZOELECTRIC
ACCELEROMETER
SPECIAL ACCELEROMETERS
ACCELEROMETER
CHARACTERISTICS
Sensitivity & Frequency range
• The sensitivity is the first characteristic normally considered.
• Ideally we would like a high output level, but here we have to compromise because high
sensitivity normally entails a relatively big piezoelectric assembly and consequently a
relatively large, heavy unit.
• In normal circumstances the sensitivity is not a critical problem as modern preamplifiers are
designed to accept these low level signals.
• In general the bigger the accelerometer the higher its sensitivity, and the smaller is its useful
frequency range, and vice versa.
Mass
• The mass of the accelerometers becomes important when measuring on light test objects.
• As a general rule, the accelerometer mass should be no more than one tenth of the dynamic
mass of the vibrating part onto which it is mounted.
THE MEASUREMENT CHAIN
ACCELEROMETER MOUNTING -
FIXED
ACCELEROMETER MOUNTING -
HANDHELD
CHOOSING A MOUNTING POSITION
MEASURING ABSOLUTE BEARING
VIBRATION
General rules:
• Sensor must sit securely and not wobble.
• Loose paint and rusted surfaces should be cleaned or avoided.
• Measuring points should be flat, clean and free of grease.
• Measurement points should be exactly defined and clearly
marked.
• Sensor and cable should not move during measurement.
MOUNTING DIRECTION
MEASURING POINTS LOCATIONS
ACCORDING TO ISO
MAN – MACHINE LINK
EXAMPLE OF MACHINE
INFORMATION TABLE
EXAMPLE OF MACHINE
COMPONENT
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
INTERPRETATION
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM INTERPRETATION
CONTND…

• Motor Running Speed Freq. : 600 r.p.m (10 Hz)

• First Coupling defect Frequency : 600 r.p.m x 4 bolt = 2400r.p.m(40 Hz)
• Gear Meshing Frequency : 600 r.p.m x 50 teeth=30,000 r.p.m(500Hz) :
• or 1500 r.p.m x 20 teeth=30,000 r.p.m (500 Hz)
• Second shaft speed : 600x50/20 =1500 r.p.m
• Second Coupling defect Frequency :1500 r.p.m x 6 bolt = 9000 r.p.m(150 Hz)
• Blade Passing Frequency : 1500 r.p.m x 5 Blade=7500 r.p.m (125Hz)
OVERALL ALARMS
BAND ALARMS
PROFILE OF NARROW BAND
ALARM
OVERALL ANALYSIS
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OR
OVERALL LEVELS
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OR
OVERALL LEVELS
• To decide whether monitoring or testing of the overall level is
sufficient or a complete frequency spectrum is required, the
engineer must know his machine and something about the most
likely faults to occur or which part of the object is of interest.
• A general rule is overall measurements are permissible for
simple, non critical machines, while more complex, more
critical machinery requires spectral analysis.
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OR
OVERALL LEVELS
• The illustration shows two different situations in monitoring,
but it might as well be testing:
• Monitoring of a fan: The most likely fault to occur is unbalance, which will
give an increase in the vibration level at the speed of rotation. This will
normally also be the highest level in the spectrum. To see if unbalance is
developing, it is therefore sufficient to measure the overall level at regular
intervals. The overall level will reflect the increase just as well as the
spectrum.
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OR
OVERALL LEVELS

• Monitoring of a gearbox: Damaged or worn gears will show up as an

increase in the vibration level at the tooth meshing frequencies (shaft RPM
number of teeth) and their harmonics. The levels at these frequencies are
normally much lower than the highest level in the frequency spectrum, so it is
necessary to use a full spectrum comparison to reveal a developing fault.
MACHINE ASSESSMENT ACCORDING TO STANDARDS AND
GUIDELINES
MACHINE ASSESSMENT ACCORDING TO STANDARDS
AND GUIDELINES
ROUTINE DATA ACQUISITION
• Determine the machine’s design and operating characteristics, i.e. the running
speed, the bearings’ types , gears, etc .
• Review the maintenance history and problems.
• Check the physical conditions ( structure looseness, noise, etc).
• Record the operating conditions, i.e. temperature, load , speed, etc., review
the data to ensure its validity and adequacy.
• Determine the purpose of the measurement.
• Select the measurement parameter, i.e. displacement, velocity , acceleration,
and phase .
ROUTINE DATA ACQUISITION
• Select the measurement instruments, i.e. vibration analyzers, tape recorder,
etc. and the measurement transducers, i.e. accelerometer, non-contact
pickup , etc.
• Determine the transducer measurement positions and directions.
• Determine the specific type of data required, i.e. amplitude vs. frequency,
amplitude vs. time, and phase.
• Determine the most efficient order for taking the measurements, watch for
unexpected results, and be prepared to take additional data, review the data
to ensure its validity and adequacy .
ANY
QUESTION??