Module-3
Stress in Beams
Dr. Ramesh B T
Assistant Professor
Dept of Robotic and Automation
SIT-PUNE
Understand the analysis of bending
stresses in beams.
After the end of this lesson
students will able to;
* State the theory of simple bending.
* Explain bending stresses.
* Identify position of neutral axis.
* Define moment of resistance.
* Define section modulus.
* Solve problems related to bending stresses in beam.
Stresses in Beams – Bending and Shear
• If a specific length of
beam is a
constant
subjected bendingto a
moment
& shear force is zero,
then the stresses set up
in that length of the
beam are known as
bending stresses. The
length of the beam
under constant
bending moment is said
to be in
pure bending.
Stresses in Beams – Bending and Shear
• Internal bending
causes beam moment
to
• deform.
To fibers in
p
bottom compression,
in tension.
• Neutral surface – no change
in
length.
• Neutral Axis – Line of
intersection of neutral
surface with the transverse
section.
• All cross-sections remain
plane and perpendicular to
longitudinal axis.
Stresses in Beams – Bending and Shear
Assumptions in simple (pure) bending theory:
– Material of beam is homogenous and isotropic (same
composition & constant E in all directions).
– Young’s modulus is constant in compression and tension.
– The beam initially straight and every layer of it is free to expand or
contract
– Stress are with in elastic limit.
– Radius of curvature is large compared with dimension
of cross sections/ depth.
– Plane section remains plane even after bending.
Derivation of Relationship Between
Bending
Stress and Radius of Curvature
• Consider a small
Length δx of a beam
subjected to a simple
bending as shown in
the figure (a).
• Due to action of
bending, the length
δx will be deformed
as shown in the figure
(b).
Derivation of Relationship Between
Bending
Stress and Radius of Curvature
• Due to the decrease in length of the
layers above N-N, these layers will be
subjected to compressive stresses.
• Due to the increase in length of the
layers above N-N, these layers will be
subjected to tensile stresses.
• The amount by which a layer increases or
decreases in length, depends upon the position
of the layer w.r.t. N-N. This theory of bending
is known as theory of simple bending.
Derivation of Relationship Between
Bending
Stress and Radius of Curvature
Let, R = Radius of curvature of neutral layer N’-N’.
• θ = Angle subjected at O by A’B’ and C’D’ produced.
• y = Distance from the neutral layer.
• Original length of the layer = EF = δx = NN = N’N’
• From figure (b), N’N’ = R θ
• Change (Increase) in length of the EF = E’F’ –EF = (R + y) θ – R θ
=yθ
• Strain in the layer EF = Increase in length / original
length
=yθ/Rθ=y/R
• According to linear elasticity, σ α ϵ,.That is, ϵ = σ / E.
• oαy
Derivation of Relationship Between Bending Stress and
Radius of Curvature (Moment of Resistance of a Section)
• The stresses induced in the layers of the beam
create
compressive and tensile forces.
• These forces will have moment about NA.
• The total moment of these forces about NA for a section
is known as moment of resistance of that section.
• Consider a cross section of a beam as shown:
Derivation of Relationship Between Bending Stress and Radius
of Curvature (Moment of Resistance of a Section)
Euler – Bernoulli Bending Equation
Section Modulus (Z)
• It is the ratio of moment of inertia of a
section about the neutral axis to the distance
of the outermost layer from the neutral axis.
I = Moment of Inertia about neutral axis.
ymax = Distance of the outermost layer from the neutral
axis.
Hence,
• Thus, moment of resistance offered by the section is
maximum when Z is maximum. Hence, Z represents
the strength of the section.
Section Modulus
(Z)
1. Rectangular Section
Section Modulus
(Z)
2. Rectangular Hollow Section
Section Modulus
(Z)
3. Circular Section
Section Modulus
(Z)
4. Circular Hollow Section
[Link]
A cantilever of length 2m fails when a load of 2
kN is applied at the free end. If the section of the
beam is 40 mm X 60 mm, find the stress at the
failure.
Solution:
Problem Sketch:
• Let, σmax = Stress at failure (Maximum
stress)
• Since R is not M
Instead, given, wex cannot
= σmax I/ymax use
OR
use= σmax x Z, where
• M
and,
Hence,
[Link]
A square beam 20mm X 20mm in section and 2m
long is simply supported at the ends. The
beam fails when a point load of 400N is applied
at the centre of the beam. What uniformly
distributed load per meter length will break a
cantilever of the same material 40mm wide,
60mm deep and 3m long?
Solution:
Square c/s.: 20 mm x 20 mm; L = 2m; W = 400
N Rectangular c/s.: 40 mm x 60 mm; L = 3m; w
=?
Equate the maximum stress in the two cases.
Maximum stress in beam of square
c/s.:
M = σmax x Z, where
Maximum stress in beam of rectangular c/s.:
M = σmax x Z, where
Maximum bending moment for a cantilever
beam
loaded with UDL for the entire span is given by
Mmax = wL2 / 2
Hence, Mmax =
Mmax = 4500 w N-mm
Any Questions ?
Thank you
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