“FOLDED DIPOLE
ANTENNA FOR NVIS
OPERATION”
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:- PRESENTED BY:
VARTIKA RAJ
Mr. ASHISH GUPTA
(Asst. DEAN ACADEMICS) NAYAN MISHRA
HITESH CHANDRA JHA
INTRODUCTION
Dipole antenna
Folded dipole antenna
Near vertical incidence skywave.
Propagation path.
Radiation pattern.
Design criteria.
Simulation software- 4nec2X
Application.
Advantages.
DIPOLE ANTENNA
A dipole antenna is the
simplest type of antenna,
consisting of an electrically
conducting wire or rod one
half the length of the
maximum desired
wavelength. The wire or
rod is split at the center
with an insulator. Each end
at the center is connected to
the feed line, typically via a
balun to a coaxial cable
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
A folded dipole antenna consists of
two parallel dipoles connected into a
narrow wire loop. One of the main
reasons for using the folded dipole
aerial is the increase in feed
impedance that it provides. If the
conductors in the main dipole and the
second or "fold" conductor are the
same diameter, then it is found that
there is a fourfold increase (i.e. two
squared) in the feed impedance. In
free space, this gives an increase in
feed impedance from 73Ω to around
300Ω ohms. Additionally the RF Half-wave folded dipole antenna
antenna has a wider bandwidth.
Calculation of Wavelength(λ) of
Antenna
As we know the formula:
C=f * λ
λ= c/f
Where c= velocity of light (3*10^8 m/sec)
f= frequency of antenna ( in Hz)
λ= wavelength of antenna (in meter)
NVIS
(NEAR VERTICAL INCIDANCE SKYWAVE)
It is a radio-wave propagation method that
provides usable signals in the range between
groundwave and skywave distances (usually 30 to
400 miles, or 50 to 650 km).
An NVIS antenna configuration is a horizontally
polarized (parallel with the surface of the earth)
radiating element that is from 1/20th wavelength
(λ) to 1/4 wavelength above the ground.
Depending on the specific requirements, various antennas can be
used for NVIS communication, with horizontal dipoles or inverted V
dipoles at about 0.2 wavelengths above ground giving the best results
The most reliable frequencies for NVIS communications are between
1.8 MHz and 8 MHz
NVIS communications mostly take place on 2-4 MHz at night and on 5-
7 MHz during daylight.
the international broadcast bands between 3.9 and 6.2 Mhz.
It is used for military and paramilitary communications, broadcasting,
especially in the tropics.
PROPAGATION PATH
• To travel a local - medium distance, the signal
must take off at a HIGH angle from the antenna
– typically 60 – 90 degrees
• This returns from the Ionosphere at a similar
angle, covering 0 – 250 miles.
• It thus fills in the Skip (or Dead) Zone.
PROPAGATION PATH
CHOOSING RIGHT FREQENCY
The Ionosphere – D, E, F1 THE IONOSPERE
& F2 layers
D and to a lesser extent, E
layers attenuate and
absorb signal
Best returns from F2 layer
At any one time we need
to know the frequency of
the F2 layer – The Critical
Frequency for F2
Optimum frequency for
NVIS work around 10%
below this
NVIS ANTENNA DESIGN CRITERIA
•Maximum Gain and Zenith Gain
•Broadside and Endwise Beam widths (Radiation
Pattern)
•Bandwidth
•Installation Height above Ground
•Ground (Soil) Quality
MAXIMUM GAIN
Half wave dipole
NVIS antenna
2D Beamwidths (max. gain to 3 dB)
Propagation Patterns
½-ʎ Dipole NVIS dipole
INSTALLATION HEIGHT
Installation height is very
important
The optimum height for
NVIS reflects the highest
Zenith Gain
Notice how height affects
the impedance
Ground (Soil) Quality
As soil quality
degrades, the optimum
height of the NVIS
increases.
As soil quality
degrades, the
broadside beamwidth
increases in ratio to the
endfire beamwidth.
SIMULATION THROUGH 4nec2 SOFTWARE
MAIN WINDOW OF 4nec2
COMPARISON OF
DIFFERENT
MODELS
MODEL 1
(Installtion Height:3m )
GEOMETRY 3-D PATTERN
SWR & REFLECTION IMPEDENCE
COEFFICIENT
MODEL-2
(Installtion Height:6m )
GEOMETRY 3-D PATTERN
SWR & REFLECTION IMPEDENCE
COEFFICIENT
MODEL-3
(Installtion Height:9m )
GEOMETRY 3-D PATTERN
SWR & REFLECTION IMPEDENCE
COEFFICIENT
MODEL-4
(Installtion Height:12m )
GEOMETRY 3-D PATTERN
SWR & REFLECTION IMPEDENCE
COEFFICIENT
MODEL-5
(Installtion Height:15m )
GEOMETRY 3-D PATTERN
SWR & REFLECTION IMPEDENCE
COEFFICIENT
MODEL-6
(Installtion Height:18m )
GEOMETRY 3-D PATTERN
SWR & REFLECTION IMPEDENCE
COEFFICIENT
COMPARISON OF MODELS THROUGH
PARAMETERS
TABLE
MODEL MODEL MODEL MODEL MODEL
MODEL
1 3 4 5 6
2
FREQUENCY
(MHz) 5 MHz
WAVELENGTH
(METER) 59.96 m
LENGTH OF
ANTENNA 29.98 m
INSTALLTION
HEIGHT OF 3 6 9 12 15 18
ANTENNA
(METER)
RESONATING
FREQUENCY 4.7 4.58 4.51 4.48 4.55 4.51
SWR
2.51 1.404 2.74 4.21 5.77 6.79
REFLECTION
COEFFICIENT -7.03 -15.49 -6.64 -4.202 -3.04 -2.57
TOTAL GAIN
9.24 8.99 8.64 9.24 8.02 7.62
40M-80M Portable NVIS
ADVANTAGES
•Elimination
Elimination ofof
the
theSkip
SkipZone
Zone
NVIS provides good coverage between the outer limit
of ground wave propagation (25 miles) and the inner
limit of normal sky wave return (300 miles).
•Noise Reduction
NVIS antennas “look” directly into outer space hence
fading is reduced to a large extent.
Terrestrial noise sources are not in the field of view of
the antenna and do not contribute significantly to received
noise.
DISADVANTAGES
The installation height of antenna varies with the soil
quality
It cannot be used with the hand held devices.
The size of the antenna is large on the operating
wavelength.
APPLICATION
•Emergency Communications
Reliable NVIS communications are possible out to distances
of approximately 300 miles
Small number of NVIS stations are required to provide a
statewide network.
• Traffic Nets
NVIS eliminates the skip zone, permitting smoother traffic
handling.
•Military Communication
A military NVIS antenna is the AS-2259 Antenna, which
consists of two V-shaped dipoles: the four dipole wires also
serve as guy rope for the antenna.
THANK YOU
CALCULATION OF WAVELENGTH FOR
5MHz FREQUENCY
WAVELENGTH λ= c/f
=(3*10^8)/(5*10^6)
=59.96 meter
LENGTH OF ANTENNA (λ/2)=29.98 meter
