BEHAVIORISM

-showing students how they should react

and respond to certain stimuli
REMINDERS:
-Missed Activities
-Reporting
-Final Exam
BEHAVIORISM
-teachers should be firm and consistent
SOCIAL LEARNING
APPROACH
-social behavior is learned by observing
and imitating the behavior of others
SOCIAL LEARNING
APPROACH

-Albert Bandura Theory

Observing, modelling, imitating others
Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
SOCIAL LEARNING
APPROACH

-Albert Bandura Theory

Bobo doll experiment
 CONSTRUCTIVIST
APPROACH
Learners construct knowledge rather than
passively take in information
- Building their own representations and
incorporate new information from their pre
existing knowledge
 CONSTRUCTIVIST
APPROACH
Jerome Bruner
-Enactive (learn through movement or action)
-Iconic (learn through images or icons
-Symbolic (learn through abstract symbols
 COGNITIVE APPROACH
-thinking, perception, memory, attention, processing,
retrieval
-Schema
-focuses on how students think
 COGNITIVE APPROACH
-Jean Piaget’s Cognitive theory
4 stages of development
-sensorimotor stage, pre operational, concrete
operational and formal operational
 EXPERIENTIAL
APPROACH
-experience is the best teacher
-learning by doing
-David Kolb
 EXPERIENTIAL
APPROACH
--David Kolb
-concrete learning, reflective observation, abstract
conceptualization and active experimentation
 HUMANISTIC APPROACH
-personal worth of the individual, the centrality of
human values, creative, active nature of human beings.
 HUMANISTIC APPROACH
-focuses on each individual’s potential and stresses the
importance of growth and self actualization
-knowledge and feelings go hand-in-hand in the
learning process
 KINESTHETIC LEARNING
An example of a kinesthetic learning experience is when a
child learns to use a swing or to ride a bike. They can read
instructions or listen to instructions, but deep learning occurs
via the process of doing. ... A kinesthetic learner is someone
who needs to be actively engaged in their learning.
 KINESTHETIC LEARNING
The most physical of all the learning styles, kinesthetic
learners absorb information best through touch,
movement and motion. The word kinesthetic refers to our
ability to sense body position and movement. This means that
to really understand something, they need to touch it, feel it
and move it around.
 KINESTHETIC LEARNING
A kinesthetic-tactile learning style requires that you
manipulate or touch material to learn. Kinesthetic-
tactile techniques are used in combination with visual
and/or auditory study techniques, producing multi-
sensory learning.
 SOCRATIC LEARNING
A pedagogical technique in which a teacher does not give
information directly but instead asks a series of questions,
with the result that the student comes either to the desired
knowledge by answering the questions or to a deeper
awareness of the limits of knowledge.
 SOCRATIC LEARNING
he Socratic Method is a way of thinking that involves
three steps: 1) Give an initial definition or opinion. 2)
Ask a question that raises an exception to that
definition or opinion. 3) Give a better definition or
opinion.
 EXPEDITIONARY LEARNING
Expeditionary learning allows children to take education
into their own hands, literally. ... A new wave of learning is
sweeping schools across the country, engaging children in
meaningful learning activities that claim to prepare them
more adeptly for the world of higher education
 EXPEDITIONARY LEARNING
Expeditionary Learning is an educational system that
differs from traditional systems in three main ways: In
Expeditionary Learning schools, students learn by
conducting "learning expeditions" rather than by sitting in
a classroom being taught one subject at a time.
 PERSONALIZED LEARNING
Personalized learning may also be called student-centered
learning, since the general goal is to make individual learning
needs the primary consideration in important educational and
instructional decisions, rather than what might be preferred,
more convenient, or logistically easier for teachers and
schools
 PERSONALIZED LEARNING
Personalized learning is an educational approach
that aims to customize learning for each
student's strengths, needs, skills, and interests.
Each student gets a learning plan that's based on
what they know and how they learn best.
 MONTESSORI METHOD
Four conceptual pillars of the MM—the
sensitive periods, the education of the
senses, the prepared environment, and
spontaneous activities through repetition
 SCAFFOLDING LEARNING
Scaffolding is breaking up the learning into chunks and
providing a tool, or structure, with each chunk. When
scaffolding reading, for example, you might preview the text
and discuss key vocabulary, or chunk the text and then read
and discuss as you go. ... Simply put, scaffolding is what you
do first with kids.
 HEURISTIC METHOD
Some examples of heuristic knowledge are a hypothesis,
common sense, rule of thumb, and intuition. Heuristic
knowledge helps a person make judgments in a sufficient
manner and amount of time. A concrete example of heuristic
knowledge would be when a plumber comes to give an
estimate to a new customer.
 HEURISTIC METHOD
A heuristic, or a heuristic technique, is any approach
to problem-solving that uses a practical method or
various shortcuts in order to produce solutions that
may not be optimal but are sufficient given a limited
timeframe or deadline.
 4 MISTAKEN GOALS
(ACCEPTANCE
APPROACH)
• ATTENTION GETTING- They want pother students
or teacher to pay attention to them
• POWER SEEKING- Their defiance is expresses in
arguing, contradicting, teasing, temper, tantrums and
low-level hostile behavior
 4 MISTAKEN GOALS
(ACCEPTANCE
APPROACH)
• REVENGE SEEKING- their mistaken goal is to hurt
others to make up for being hurt or feeling rejected and
loved
• WITHDRAWAL- if students feel helpless and rejected, the
goal of their behavior may become withdrawal from the
situation, rather than confrontation
 4 MISTAKEN GOALS
(ACCEPTANCE
APPROACH)
• REVENGE SEEKING- their mistaken goal is to hurt
others to make up for being hurt or feeling rejected and
loved
• WITHDRAWAL- if students feel helpless and rejected, the
goal of their behavior may become withdrawal from the
situation, rather than confrontation
 For example, presenting a video or film to
students could be considered a form of direct
instruction (even though the teacher is not
actively instructing students, the content and
presentation of material was determined by the
teacher)
 The Flipped Classroom Approach
 is a technology-infused learning model that has been gaining
popularity among educators recently (Jensen, Kummer, & Godoy,
2015). The effectiveness of such an approach is emphasized in
some studies, thus promoting the narrative about the prevalent
instrumentality leading to success in the academe
 . In fact Schmidt and Ralph (2016) found out that using a flipped
classroom increases student engagement. Students believe that the
teaching method can stimulate the memory, deepen
understanding, and improve problem-solving ability (Li,Jiang, Li,
& Liu, 2016). Moreover, Lo, Hew, and Chen (2017) claimed that
students found the approach more engaging than the traditional
one. They liked watching instructional videos, as these improve
their communication with peers. This implies that teachers play a
signincant role in identifying videos for the learners
 What is flipped classroom example?
 There are several ways faculty can flip the class: utilizing
textbooks that have an online component; recording lectures ahead
of class meetings using lecture capture software or taking your
regular lecture and sprinkle in questions.
 A flipped classroom is a type of blended learning where
students are introduced to content at home and practice
working through it at school. This is the reverse of the
more common practice of introducing new content at school,
then assigning homework and projects to completed by the
students independently at home.
                             
 What is Kinesthetic Learning? Kinesthetic learning, also
known as tactile learning or movement-based
learning, uses physical movement to teach students new
material. These activities include stretching, yoga,
dancing, cross-body movements, and cardiovascular
exercise
 Differentiated instruction is a teaching approach that tailors
instruction to students' different learning needs. It lets
students show what they know in different ways.
 Those elements are learning environment, curriculum,
assessment, instruction, and classroom leadership and
management (Tomlinson & Moon, 2013). This chapter
provides a brief overview of each of the elements as they relate
to one another and to differentiation.
 Inquiry-based learning is a learning process that engages
students by making real-world connections through
exploration and high-level questioning. It is an approach
to learning that encourages students to engage in problem-
solving and experiential learning.
 For example, a math teacher might demonstrate how to solve
a problem in a traditional lesson, but during an inquiry-based
lesson the teacher can see how each student views a
problem and the steps they take to get a solution in their
own unique way.
 What are the 4 types of inquiry-based learning?
 Inquiry-based learning has four types: confirmation,
structured, guided, and open inquiry, and these
student-led learning methods can be used for all subjects,
from K-12 to higher ed.
 What is the meaning of Expeditionary Learning?
 In Expeditionary Learning schools, students learn
by conducting "learning expeditions" rather than
by sitting in a classroom being taught one subject
at a time. Expeditionary Learning works on
developing the character — as well as the intellect —
of students.
 What is the Expeditionary Learning model?
 EL Education (formerly known as Expeditionary
Learning) is a school reform model that emphasizes
high achievement through active learning,
character growth, and teamwork. EL Education
grew out of a partnership between Harvard Graduate
School of Education and Outward Bound, USA.
 Personalized learning is an educational approach
that aims to customize learning for each student's
strengths, needs, skills, and interests. Each student
gets a learning plan that's based on what they know and
how they learn best. Personalized learning doesn't
replace an IEP, a 504 plan, or intervention programs.
 Examples of personalized learning
 One-on-one Tutoring. In a situation where you have two
individuals, a learner, and a teacher, you need the teacher to
understand exactly what the learner already knows, and then
tie that to new information. ...
 Mentoring. ...
 Online course providers. ...
 Search engines. ...
 Corporate training example.
 The Montessori Method was developed by Dr. Maria
Montessori in the early 1900s. It's a specific child-
centered method of education that involves child-led
activities (referred to as “work”), classrooms with
children of varying ages and teachers who encourage
independence among their pupils.
 The Five Principles
 Principle 1: Respect for the Child. Respect for the Child
is the major principle underlying the entire Montessori
method. ...
 Principle 2: The Absorbent Mind. ...
 Principle 3: Sensitive Periods. ...
 Principle 4: The Prepared Environment. ...
 Principle 5: Auto education.
 What is so special about Montessori approach?
 Montessori preschools focus on child-centered
learning. By emphasizing the development of the
child's intellectual, physical, moral, social and emotional
development, Montessori schools help children become
independent thinkers with a lifelong love of learning
 What is VAK teaching?
 VAK stands for Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic
(Tactile). The theory is one prefers to learn through
one of these sense channels. Visual Learning Style.
Visual Learning Style. These learners need to see the
teacher's body language and facial expression to.
 What does VAK model mean?
 The VARK model of learning styles suggests that
there are four main types of learners: visual, auditory,
reading/writing, and kinesthetic. The idea that
students learn best when teaching methods and school
activities match their learning styles, strengths, and
preferences grew in popularity in the 1970s and 1980s
Universal Design for Learning
Universal Design for
Learning (UDL) is a framework
to improve and optimize teaching
and learning for all people based
on scientific insights into how
humans learn.
 Universal design for learning (UDL) is a teaching approach that works
to accommodate the needs and abilities of all learners and eliminates
unnecessary hurdles in the learning process.
 Three main principles of UDL
 Representation: UDL recommends offering information in more than one
format. ...
 Action and expression: UDL suggests giving kids more than one way to
interact with the material and to show what they've learned. ...
 Engagement: UDL encourages teachers to look for multiple ways to
motivate students.
 Game based learning (GBL) is a type of game play
that has defined learning outcomes. Generally,
game based learning is designed to balance subject
matter with gameplay and the ability of the player
to retain and apply said subject matter to the real
world
 Project Based Learning (PBL) is an instructional
methodology encouraging students to learn by
applying knowledge and skills through an engaging
experience. PBL presents opportunities for deeper
learning in-context and for the development of
important skills tied to college and career readiness.
 Problem solving is the act of defining a problem;
determining the cause of the problem;
identifying, prioritizing, and selecting
alternatives for a solution; and implementing a
solution. The problem-solving process.
 What's the difference between inductive and deductive
reasoning? Inductive reasoning is a bottom-up
approach, while deductive reasoning is top-down.
Inductive reasoning takes you from the specific to the
general, while in deductive reasoning, you make
inferences by going from general premises to specific
conclusions.
 A laboratory experiment is an experiment
conducted under highly controlled conditions (not
necessarily a laboratory), where accurate
measurements are possible. The researcher decides
where the experiment will take place, at what time,
with which participants, in what circumstances and
using a standardized procedure.
 In the study, lecture-discussion method is the teaching
method that is designed to help students
understanding the organized body of knowledge,
i.e. the topics that relate the facts, concepts, principles,
and procedures, and make the relationship between
them explicit and clear (Eggen & Kauchak, 2007;
Rosenshine, 1987) .
 4A's Lesson Plan
 I. Objectives.
 II. Subject Matter.
 III. Procedure.
 IV. Evaluation.
 V. Assignment.
 Choose a topic that you want the children in your class
to learn and apply the 4-A's of activating prior
knowledge, acquiring new knowledge, applying the
knowledge, and assessing the knowledge. For
example, you may want to teach a lesson on astronomy
 One approach to inquiry science is the 5E instructional
model (Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate,
Evaluate). The 5E model is a planning tool for inquiry
teaching that provides a structure for students to
connect science ideas with their experiences and apply
their learning to new contexts
 What are the 5 components of 5 E model?
 Insummary: The 5E Model is a
constructivist science learning method
involving 5 key phases: Engagement,
Exploration, Explanation, Elaboration
and Evaluation
 The 7Es of Lesson Planning
 Elicit. In most cases you will start with the “Elicit”. ...
 Engage. The next stage is the “Engage” stage. ...
 Explore. During the “Explore” stage, pupils should be given
opportunities to work together, independent of you,their
teacher to explore. ...
 Explain. ...
 Elaborate. ...
 Extend. ...
 Evaluate.
 The 7Es of Lesson Planning
 Elicit. In most cases you will start with the “Elicit”. ...
 Engage. The next stage is the “Engage” stage. ...
 Explore. During the “Explore” stage, pupils should be given
opportunities to work together, independent of you,their teacher to
explore. ...
 Explain. ...
 Elaborate. ...
 Extend. ...
 Evaluate.