World History
India and China Establish Empires
India and China establish powerful empires and develop strong, vibrant cultures.
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World History
India and China Establish Empires
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What role did early empires in India and China play in shaping later civilizations?
LESSON 1 India’s First Empires
LESSON 2 Trade Spreads Indian Religion and Culture
LESSON 3 Han Emperors in China
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World History
LESSON 1 India’s First Empires
The Mauryas and the Guptas established empires, but neither unified India
permanently.
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World History
LESSON 1 India’s First Empire
The Mauryan Empire is Established
• In 321 BC, Chandragupta Maurya seizes power starts Mauryan Empire
Chandragupta Maurya Unifies North India
• Chandragupta defeats Seleucus I; north India united for first time
• Chandragupta uses taxes to support his large army
Running the Empire
• Chandragupta’s chief adviser is Kautilya, a priest
• Chandragupta creates bureaucratic government
• He divides the government to make it easier to rule
4 Continued…
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World History
Lesson 1
Chandragupta Maurya Unifies North India (continued)
Life in the City and the Country
• A Greek ambassador writes glowing praise of the empire
• Chandragupta’s son rules from 301 to 269 BC, 32 years
• Asoka—Chandragupta’s grandson, brings the empire to its height
Asoka Promotes Buddhism
• After a bloody war with Kalinga, Asoka promotes Buddhism and peace
• Preaches religious toleration—accepting people of different religions
• Builds roads, with wells along them
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World History
Lesson 1
A Period of Turmoil
• Asoka dies in 232 BC; kingdoms in central India soon break away
• The Andhra Dynasty dominates central India for centuries
• Northern India receives immigrants from Greece, other parts of Asia
• Tamils—a people living in southern India—remain separate and frequently war with rival peoples
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World History
Lesson 1
The Gupta Empire is Established
• Chandra Gupta, a strong leader, arose in north India in AD 320
• Starts Gupta Empire—India’s second empire; flowering of Indian civilization
Chandra Gupta Builds an Empire
• Chandra Gupta becomes first Gupta emperor
• Takes title “Great King of Kings” in AD 320
• His son Samudra Gupta expands empire with conquest
7 Continued…
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World History
Lesson 1
The Gupta Empire is Established (continued)
Daily Life in India
• Majority of Indians are farmers; entire family raises crops together
• Families are patriarchal—headed by the eldest male
• Farmers have to contribute work to government and pay heavy taxes
• Some Tamil families are matriarchal—led by mother rather than father
Height of the Gupta Empire
• Chandra Gupta II rules from AD 375–415
• He defeats the Shakas and adds western coast to empire
• Gupta Empire sees flourishing of arts, religion, and science
• After Chandra Gupta II dies, the empire declines
8 Continued…
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World History
LESSON 2 Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture
Indian religions, culture, and science evolved and spread to other regions through
trade.
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World History
LESSON 2 Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture
Buddhism and Hinduism Change
• Hinduism blends Aryan and other beliefs; belief in many gods
• To Buddhists, desire causes suffering but suffering can be overcome
A More Popular Form of Buddhism
• Belief in bodhisattvas develops—potential Buddhas who save humanity
• Mahayana sect—Buddhists accepting new doctrines of worship, salvation
• Theravada sect—Buddhists who follow original teachings of Buddha
• Wealthy Buddhist merchants build stupas—stone structures over relics
10 Continued…
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World History
Lesson 2
Buddhism and Hinduism Change (continued)
A Hindu Rebirth
• Hinduism is remote from people by time of Mauryan Empire
• Hinduism moves toward monotheism; gods part of one divine force
• Chief gods:
- Brahma—creator of the world
- Vishnu—preserver of the world
- Shiva—destroyer of the world
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World History
Lesson 2
Achievements of Indian Culture
Literature and the Performing Arts
• Kalidasa—poet and dramatist, one of India’s greatest writers
• His skillful and emotionally stirring plays still popular
• Madurai writing academies create literature; 2,000 Tamil poems survive
• Drama and dance troupes gain popularity and travel widely
Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine
• Ocean trade leads to advances in astronomy
• Indian astronomers in Gupta Empire prove that world is round
• Mathematicians develop idea of zero and decimal system
• Doctors write medical guides and make advances in surgery
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World History
Lesson 2
The Spread of Indian Trade
• India has spices, diamonds, precious stones, and good quality wood
Overland Trade, East and West
• Trade routes called Silk Roads connect Asia and Europe
• Indians build trading posts to take advantage of the Silk Roads
Sea Trade, East and West
• Indian merchants carry goods to Rome by sea
• Merchants trade by sea with Africa, Arabia, China, Southeast Asia
13 Continued…
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World History
Lesson 2
The Spread of Indian Trade (continued)
Effects of Indian Trade
• Increased trade leads to rise of banking
• Bankers lend money to merchants, careful of degree of risk
• Increased trade spreads Indian culture to other places
• Trade brings Hinduism, Buddhism to other lands
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World History
LESSON 3 Han Emperors in China
The Han Dynasty expanded China’s borders and developed a system of government
that lasted for centuries.
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World History
LESSON 3 Han Emperors in China
The Han Restore Unity in China
• In Qin Dynasty peasants resent high taxes and harsh labor, rebel
Liu Bang Founds the Han Dynasty
• Liu Bang defeats Xiang Yu, a rival for power, and founds Han Dynasty
• Han Dynasty—begins in 202 BC, lasts 400 years
• Han Dynasty has great influence on Chinese people, culture
• Liu Bang establishes centralized government—a central authority rules
• Liu Bang lowers taxes and reduces punishments to keep people happy
16 Continued…
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World History
Lesson 3
The Han Restore Unity in China (continued)
The Empress Lü
• Liu Bang dies in 195 BC; wife Lü seizes control of empire
• Empress Lü rules for her young son, outlives him
• Palace plots and power plays occur throughout Han Dynasty
The Martial Emperor
• Liu Bang’s great-grandson Wudi rules from 141 to 87 BC
• “Martial Emperor” Wudi defeats Xiongnu (nomads) and mountain tribes
• Colonizes Manchuria, Korea, and as far south as what is now Vietnam
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World History
Lesson 3
A Highly Structured Society
• Chinese believe their emperor has authority to rule from god
• Believe prosperity reward of good rule; troubles reveal poor rule
Structures of Han Government
• Complex bureaucracy runs Han government
• People pay taxes and supply labor, military service
• Government uses peasant labor to carry out public projects
18 Continued…
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World History
Lesson 3
A Highly Structured Society (continued)
Confucianism, the Road to Success
• Wudi’s government employs 130,000; bureaucracy of 18 ranks of jobs
• Civil service jobs—government jobs obtained through examinations
• Job applicants begin to be tested on knowledge of Confucianism
• Wudi favors Confucian scholars, builds school to train them
• Only sons of wealthy can afford expensive schooling
• Civil service system works well, continues until 1912
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World History
Lesson 3
Han Technology, Commerce, and Culture
Technology Revolutionizes Chinese Life
• Invention of paper in AD 105 helps spread education
• Collar harness, plow, wheelbarrow improve farming
Agriculture Versus Commerce
• As population grows, farming regarded as important activity
• Government allows monopolies—control by one group over key industries
• Techniques for producing silk become state secret as profits increase
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World History
Lesson 3
Han Unifies Chinese Culture
Unification Under Chinese Rule
• To unify empire, Chinese government encourages assimilation
• Assimilation—integrating conquered peoples into Chinese culture
• Writers encourage unity by recording Chinese history
Women’s Roles—Wives, Nuns, and Scholars
• Most women work in the home and on the farm
• Some upper-class women are educated, run shops, practice medicine
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World History
Lesson 3
The Fall of the Han and Their Return
The Rich Take Advantage of the Poor
• Large landowners gain control of more and more land
• Gap between rich and poor increases
Wang Mang Overthrows the Han
• Economic problems and weak emperors cause political instability
• In AD 9, Wang Mang seizes power and stabilizes empire
• Wang Mang is assassinated in AD 23; Han soon regain control
The Later Han Years
• Peace restored, Later Han Dynasty lasts until AD 220
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World History
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