Set by

Demamu.m
May 2013
Introduction to Emerging Technologies
 Chapter one Introduction to Emerging Technologies

Evolution of Technologies
 Emerging technology is a new technology,
 but it may also refer to the continuing development of existing
technology; such as media, business, science, or education.
 The term commonly refers to technologies that are currently
developing, or that are expected to be available within the next five
to ten years.
 Generally emerging technology study about the past, present and
future technologies.
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 What is the root word of technology and evolution?
 
 Technology: 1610s, "discourse or treatise on an art or the
arts(writing and talking for long period ),"
 Comes from Greek word tekhnologia which means "systematic
treatment of an art, craft, or technique.
 The meaning "science of the mechanical(machine driven) and
industrial arts" is first recorded in 1859.
 Evolution: evolution means the process of developing by gradual
changes. This noun is from Latin evolutio, "an unrolling or opening"
.
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 ……..technology and evolution?
 
Activity 1.2
➢ List out at list top five currently available emerged technologies.
List of some currently available emerged technologies
A. Artificial Intelligence B. Block chain
C. Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality D. Cloud Computing
E. Angular and React F. DevOps
G. Internet of Things (IoT) H. Intelligent Apps (I-Apps)
I. Big Data J. Robotic Processor Automation (RPA)

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…….. Continuing
 Artificial Intelligence (man made thinking power).
 Block chain (a digital pieces of information).
Augmented Reality(integration of digital information).
Virtual Reality( creates artificial (man made) environment).
Cloud Computing( a networked remote server on the
internet).
Angular and React(rotational displacement of the device).
 DevOps( development operations) :-software development
and information technology operation).
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…..continuing
 Internet of Things (IoT):-make virtual anything and smart.
 An interrelated computing devices example smart phones,
smart cars without drivers, smart city, smart home etc.
 Intelligent Apps (I-Apps):-
 Big Data:- additional information about specific set of data
 Robotic Processor Automation (RPA):-

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 Introduction to the Industrial Revolution (IR)
  The
Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization and
innovation that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s.
 An IR occurs when a society shifts from using tools to make products to
use new sources of energy, such as coal, to power machines in factories.
 The revolution started in England, with a series of innovations to make
labor more efficient and productive.
 The IR was a time when the manufacturing of goods moved from small
shops and homes to large factories.
 This shift brought about changes in culture as people moved from rural
areas to big cities in order to work.
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 ……Introduction to the Industrial Revolution (IR)

  The American IR commonly referred to as the Second Industrial evolution,

started sometime between 1820 and 1870.
 Industries such as textile manufacturing, mining, glass making, and
agriculture.
Generally, the following industrial revolutions fundamentally changed and
transfer the world around us into modern society.
 The steam engine,
 The age of science and mass production, and The rise of digital technology
 Smart and autonomous(independent) systems fueled by data and machine
learning.

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 ……Introduction to the Industrial Revolution (IR)
Activity 1.3
What are the most important inventions of industrial revolutions?
The Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
 Transportation: The Steam Engine, The Railroad, The Diesel Engine, The Airplane.
 Communication.: Telegraph, transatlantic Cable, Phonograph(record player), Telephone.
 Industry: The Cotton Gin. The Sewing Machine. Electric Lights.

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 Historical Background (IR)
 The industrial revolution began in Great Britain in the late 1770s before spreading to the rest of Europe.
The first European countries to be industrialized after England were Belgium, France, and the
German states.
The four types of industries are:
 The primary industry involves getting raw materials e.g. mining, farming, and fishing.
 The secondary industry involves manufacturing e.g. making cars and steel.
 Tertiary industries provide a service e.g. teaching and nursing.
 The quaternary industry involves research and development industries e.g. IT.

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 Industrial Revolution (IR 1.0)
 The Industrial Revolution (IR) is described as a transition to new manufacturing processes.
IR was first coined in the 1760s. The transitions in the first IR included going from hand
production methods to machines, the increasing use of steam power

Figure 1.1 steam engine

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 Industrial Revolution (IR 2.0)
 The Second IR, known as the Technological Revolution, began 1870s.
In IR 2.0 included the development of methods for manufacturing interchangeable parts and
widespread adoption of pre-existing technological systems such as telegraph and railroad
networks.
 This adoption allowed the vast movement of people and ideas, enhancing communication.
Moreover, new technological systems were introduced, such as electrical power

Figure 1.2 Electricity transmission line

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 Industrial Revolution (IR 3.0)
 IR 3.0 introduced the transition from mechanical and analog electronic
technology to digital electronics, began from the late 1950s.
 IR 3.0 was given the nickname, "Digital Revolution". The core factor of this
revolution is the mass production and widespread use of digital logic circuits
and its derived technologies such as the computer, hand phones and the
Internet.

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 Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0)

 Now, with advancements in various technologies such as robotics,

Internet of Things (IoT anything that connects to and shares data
through the Internet ),
 IR 4.0 was coined by Klaus Schwab, the founder and executive
chairman of World Economic Forum, in the year 2016.
 The technologies mentioned above are what you call - cyber-
physical systems.
 A cyber-physical system is a mechanism that is controlled or
monitored by computer-based algorithms, tightly integrated with the
Internet and its users.
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 Role of Data for Emerging Technologies Enabling
devices and network (Programmable devices)

In the world of digital electronic systems, there are four basic kinds of devices:
1. Memory devices store random information such as the contents of a spreadsheet
or database.
2. Microprocessors execute software instructions to perform a wide variety of
tasks such as running a word processing program or video game.
3. Logic devices provide specific functions, including device-to-device interfacing,
data communication, signal processing, data display, timing and control operations.
4. The network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices,
peripherals, or other devices connected to one another to allow the sharing of data.
example is the Internet, which connects millions of people all over the world.

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 Programmable devices
 A full range of network-related equipment referred to as Service
Enabling Devices (SEDs), which can include:
 Traditional channel service unit (CSU) and data service unit (DSU)
 Modems
 Routers
 Switches
 Conferencing equipment
 Network appliances (NIDs and SIDs)
 Hosting equipment and servers

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 Human to Machine Interaction
Human-machine interaction (HMI) refers to the
communication and interaction between a human and a
machine via a user interface.
1. What is interaction in human-computer interaction?
HCI is the study of how people interact with computers and
to what extent computers are or are not developed for
successful interaction with human beings.
HCI consists of three parts: the user, the computer itself, and
the ways they work together.
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 Human to Machine Interaction
2. How do users interact with computers?
 The user interacts directly with hardware for the human
input and output such as displays, e.g. through a
graphical user interface.
 The user interacts with the computer over this software
interface using the given input and output (I/O)
hardware

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 Future Trends in Emerging Technologies
Emerging technology trends in 2019
 5G Networks
 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 Autonomous(independent) Devices
 Block chain
 Augmented Analytics
 Digital Twins ( digital replica of something in the physical world)
 Enhanced Edge Computing and
 Immersive Experiences in Smart Spaces
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 Some emerging technologies that will shape the future of you
and your business

Activity 1.8
➢ Which emerging technologies will have more effect on our day to
day life & How?
 The future is now or so they say.
 So-called emerging technologies are taking over our minds more and
more each day Chat boats, virtual/augmented reality, block chain,
Ephemeral Apps and Artificial Intelligence are already shaping your
life whether you like it or not. At the end of the day, you can either
adapt or die.

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 Some emerging technologies that will shape the future of you and
your business

Activity 1.9
Briefly discussed these emerging technologies how it could be
shaping the future of you and your business
 Chat boats
 Virtual, Augmented & Mixed Reality
 Block chain. The block chain frenzy is real
 Ephemeral Apps and
 Artificial Intelligence.

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 Chapter One Review Questions

1. Where did the Industrial Revolution start and why did it begin there?
 
2. What does "emerging" mean, emerging technologies and how are
they found?
3. What makes "emerging technologies" happen and what impact will
they have on ndividuals, Society, and Environment?
4. Discussed the economic and ideological causes of the American, the
French, and the Chinese Revolutions, and to see the larger historical
contexts in which these events took place?

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…….Continuing
5. Discuss and compare the course of the American, the French, and the
Chinese revolutions and analyze the reasons for and significance of the
different outcomes of these three revolutions?
6. Discuss the successes and the shortcomings of the conservative
reaction to the French Revolution as seen in the actions of the Congress
of Vienna and the Holy Alliance?
7. How do recent approaches to "embodied interaction" differ from earlier
accounts of the role of cognition in human-computer interaction?
8. What is the reason for taking care of design a good computer-human
interface?
9. Discuss the pros and cons of human-computer interaction technology?
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 Chapter 2: Data Science
Activity 2.1  
➢ What is data science? Can you describe the role of data in emerging
technology?
➢ What are data and information?
What is big data?
Data science is a multi-disciplinary field that uses scientific methods,
processes, algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge and insights
from structured, semi-structured and unstructured data.
 Data science is simply analyzing data .

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 What are data and information?

 Data representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a

formalized manner, which should be suitable for communication,
interpretation, or processing, by human or electronic machines.
 Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions
are based.
 It is meaningful to the recipient and is of real or perceived value in
the current or the prospective action or decision of recipient.
information is interpreted data; created from organized, structured,
and processed data in a particular context.

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 Data Processing Cycle
 Data processing is the re-structuring or re-ordering of data by
people or machines to increase their usefulness and add values for a
particular purpose.

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 Data types and their representation
 Data types in computer science and computer programming, simply an attribute
of data that tells the compiler or interpreter how the programmer intends to use
the data.
Common data types include:
 Integers(int)- is used to store whole numbers, mathematically known as integers
 Booleans(bool)- is used to represent restricted to one of two values: true or false
 Characters(char)- is used to store a single character
 Floating-point numbers(float)- is used to store real numbers
 Alphanumeric strings(string)- used to store a combination of characters and
numbers  

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 Structured Data
Structured data is data that adheres to a pre-defined
data model and is therefore straightforward to analyze.
 Structured data conforms to a tabular format with a
relationship between the different rows and columns.
Common examples of structured data are Excel files or
SQL databases.
 Each of these has structured rows and columns that
can be sorted
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 Unstructured Data
 Unstructured data is information that either does not have a
predefined data model or is not organized in a pre-defined manner.
 Unstructured information is typically text-heavy but may contain
data such as dates, numbers, and facts as well.
 This results in irregularities and ambiguities that make it difficult to
understand using traditional programs as compared to data stored in
structured databases.
Common examples of unstructured data include audio, video files or
No- SQL databases.

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 Metadata - Data about Data
The last category of data type is metadata.
From a technical point of view, it is one of the most important
elements for Big Data analysis and big data solutions.
Metadata is data about data.
 It provides additional information about a specific set of data.
 In a set of photographs, for example, metadata could describe
when and where the photos were taken.

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 Data Acquisition
 It is the process of gathering, filtering, and cleaning
data before it is put in a data warehouse or any other
storage solution on which data analysis can be carried
out.
 Data acquisition is one of the major big data
challenges in terms of infrastructure requirements.

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 Data Analysis
Data analysis is exploring, transforming, and modeling
data with the goal of highlighting relevant data,
synthesizing and extracting useful hidden information
with high potential from a business point of view.
Related areas include data mining, business
intelligence, and machine learning.

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 Data Curation
 It is the active management of data over its life cycle to ensure it
meets the necessary data quality requirements for its effective usage.
 Data curation processes can be categorized into different activities
such as content creation, selection, classification, transformation,
validation, and preservation.
Data curation is performed by expert curators that are responsible for
improving the accessibility and quality of data.
 Data curators (also known as scientific curators or data annotators)
hold the responsibility of ensuring that data are trustworthy,
discoverable, accessible, reusable and fit their purpose.
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 Data Storage

Data Storage
 Itis the persistence and management of data in a scalable way that
satisfies the needs of applications that require fast access to the data.
 NoSQL technologies have been designed with the scalability goal in
mind and present a wide range of solutions based on alternative data
models.

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 Basic concepts of big data
What is Big Data?
 Big data is the term for a collection of data sets so large and
complex that it becomes difficult to process using on-hand database
management tools or traditional data processing applications.
 In this context, a "large dataset" means a dataset too large to
reasonably process or store with traditional tooling or on a single
computer.
This means that the common scale of big datasets is constantly shifting
and may vary significantly from organization to organization.

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 Basic concepts of big data
Big data is characterized by 3V and more:
Volume: large amounts of data Zeta bytes/Massive
datasets
Velocity: Data is live streaming or in motion
Variety: data comes in many different forms from
diverse sources
Veracity: can we trust the data? How accurate is it? etc
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 ……Basic concepts of big data

Figure 2.4 Characteristics of big data

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 Clustered Computing and Hadoop Ecosystem

Clustered Computing Because of the qualities of big data,

individual computers are often inadequate for handling the
data at most stages.
 To better address the high storage and computational needs of big data,
computer clusters are a better fit.

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 ….Clustered Computing
 Big data clustering software combines the resources of many smaller
machines, seeking to provide a number of benefits:
Resource Pooling: Combining the available storage space to hold data is a
clear benefit, but CPU and memory pooling are also extremely important.
High Availability: Clusters can provide varying levels of fault tolerance and
availability guarantees to prevent hardware or software failures from affecting
access to data and processing.
Easy Scalability: Clusters make it easy to scale horizontally by adding
additional machines to the group. This means the system can react to changes
in resource requirements without expanding the physical resources on a
machine.
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 Hadoop and its Ecosystem
 Hadoop is an open-source framework intended to make interaction
with big data easier.
 It is a framework that allows for the distributed processing of large
datasets across clusters of computers using simple programming
models.
 It is inspired by a technical document published by Google.

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…..continuing
The four key characteristics of Hadoop are:  
 Economical: Its systems are highly economical as ordinary computers can be used for
data processing.
 Reliable: It is reliable as it stores copies of the data on different machines and is
resistant
to hardware failure.
 Scalable: It is easily scalable both, horizontally and vertically. A few extra nodes help
in
scaling up the framework.
 Flexible: It is flexible and you can store as much structured and unstructured data as
you
need to and decide to use them later.

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 Chapter 3: Artificial Intelligence (AI)

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", or "the ability to
learn and solve problems" hence Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power."  
So, we can define Artificial Intelligence (AI) as the branch of computer science by which we
can create intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to
make decisions.
Intelligence, is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge.
Knowledge is the information acquired through experience.
Experience is the knowledge gained through exposure (training).

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Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human-based skills such as learning,
reasoning, and solving problems with Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a
machine to do some work, despite that you can create a machine with programmed algorithms
which can work with own intelligence.
Intelligence is composed of:
➢ Reasoning
➢ Learning
➢ Problem Solving
➢ Perception
➢ Linguistic Intelligence
 

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 Goals of Artificial Intelligence
The are Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence
1. Replicate human intelligence
2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
✓ Proving a theorem
✓ Playing chess
✓ Plan some surgical operation
✓ Driving a car in traffic
5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user

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 What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?

Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving, perception,
language understanding, etc.
To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence requires the
following disciplines

✓ Mathematics
✓ Biology
✓ Psychology
✓ Sociology
✓ Computer Science
✓ Neurons Study Figure 3.2 Artificial Intelligence is multidisciplinary
✓ Statistics
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 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:
➢High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems are prone to fewer errors
and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
➢High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because
of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
➢High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action
multiple times with high accuracy.

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➢Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a
bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
➢Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to users such as AI
technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the products as per
customer requirements.
Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-
driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security
purposes, Natural language processing (for search engines, for spelling checker, for assistant
like Siri, for translation like google translate), etc.

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 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
Following are the disadvantages of AI:
 High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots
of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
➢ Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they
cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained,
or programmed.
 No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does
not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with humans,
and may sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
 Increase dependence on machines: With the increment of technology, people are getting
more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
 No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but
still AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative
and
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imaginative. 48
 Levels of AI
History of AI
Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for researchers.
This technology is much older than you would imagine.
Even there are the myths of Mechanical men in Ancient Greek and Egyptian Myths.
Levels of AI
Stage 1 - Rule-Based Systems
The most common uses of AI today fit in this bracket, covering everything from business
software (Robotic Process Automation) and domestic appliances to aircraft autopilots.

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stage 2 - Context Awareness and Retention
➢ Algorithms that develop information about the specific domain they are being applied
in. They are trained on the knowledge and experience of the best humans, and their
knowledge base can be updated as new situations and queries arise. Well, known applications
of this level are chatbots and "robadvisors".
Stage 3 - Domain-Specific Expertise
➢ Going beyond the capability of humans, these systems build up expertise in a specific
context taking in massive volumes of information which they can use for decision
making. Successful use cases have been seen in cancer diagnosis and the well-known Google
Deep mind's Alpha Go.

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Stage 4 - Reasoning Machines
➢ These algorithms have some ability to attribute mental states to themselves and others
- they have a sense of beliefs, intentions, knowledge, and how their own logic works. This
means they could reason or negotiate with humans and other machines. At the moment these
algorithms are still in development, however, commercial applications are expected within the
next few years.
Stage 5 - Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
➢ These systems have human-like intelligence - the most commonly portrayed AI in
media - however, no such use is in evidence today. It is the goal of many working in AI and
some believe it could be realized already from 2024.

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Stage 6 - Artificial Super intelligence (ASI)
➢ AI algorithms can outsmart even the most intelligent humans in every domain.
Logically it is difficult for humans to articulate what the capabilities might be, yet we would
hope examples would include solving problems we have failed to so far, such as world hunger
and dangerous environmental change.
can be realized by 2029. Fiction has tackled this idea for a long time, for example in the film
Ex Machina or Terminator.

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Stage 7 - Singularity and Transcendence
➢ This is the idea that development provided by ASI (Stage 6) leads to a massive
expansion in human capability.
Human augmentation could connect our brains to each other and to a future successor of the
current internet, creating a "hive mind" that shares ideas, solves problems collectively, and
even gives others access to our dreams as observers or participants.
Pushing this idea further, we might go beyond the limits of the human body and connect to
other forms of intelligence on the planet - animals, plants, weather systems, and the natural
environment. Some proponents of singularity such as Ray Kurzweil, Google's Director of
Engineering, suggest we could see it happen by 2045 as a result of exponential rates of
progress across a range of science and technology disciplines.

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 Types of AI
Artificial Intelligence can be divided into various types, there are mainly two types of the main
categorization which are based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI, as shown in
figure. Following is the flow diagram which explains the types of AI.

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1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
➢ Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence.
The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial
Intelligence.
➢ Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for
one specific task
➢ Apple Siri is a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre- defined range
of functions.
➢ Some Examples of Narrow AI are Google translate, playing chess, purchasing
suggestions on e-commerce sites, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.

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2. General AI:
➢ General AI is a type of intelligence that could perform any intellectual task with
efficiency like a human.
➢ The idea behind the general AI to make such a system that could be smarter and
think like a human on its own.
➢ Currently, there is no such system exists which could come under general AI and
can perform any task as perfect as a human. It may arrive within the next 20 or so years but it
has challenges relating to hardware, the energy consumption required in today's powerful
machines.
➢ The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General
AI.
➢ As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of effort
and time to develop such systems.
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3. Super AI:
➢ Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass
human intelligence, and can perform any task better than a human with cognitive properties.
This refers to aspects like general wisdom, problem solving and creativity. It is an outcome of
general AI.
➢ Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think,
to reason solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate on its own.
➢ Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. The development
of such systems in real is still a world-changing task.

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B. Based on the functionality
1. Reactive Machines
Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
➢ Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
➢ These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best
action.
➢ IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines. ➢ Google's Alpha Go is also
an example of reactive machines.

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2. Limited Memory
➢ Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short
period of time.
➢ These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
➢ Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These
cars can store the recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limits, and other
information to navigate the road.
3. Theory of Mind
➢ Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able
to interact socially like humans.
➢ This type of AI machines is still not developed, but researchers are making lots of
efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.

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4. Self-Awareness
➢ Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be
super intelligent and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self- awareness.
➢ These machines will be smarter than the human mind.
➢ Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.

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 How humans think
the goal of many researchers is to create strong and general AI that learns like a human and can
solve general problems as the human brain does.
Achieving this goal might require many more years.
How does a human being think? Intelligence or the cognitive process is composed of three
main stages:
➢ Observe and input the information or data in the brain.
➢ Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the surrounding environment.
➢ Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as input and interpreted and
evaluated.
AI researchers are simulating the same stages in building AI systems or models.

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 Influencers of artificial intelligence
Influence at the ff
➢ Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data
➢ Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip architectures
➢ Cloud computing and APIs
➢ The emergence of data science

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 The emergence of data science
Data science has emerged in the last few years as a new profession that combines several
disciplines, such as statistics, data analysis, machine learning, and others.
The goal of data science is to extract knowledge or insights from data in various forms, either
structured or unstructured, which is like data mining.
After you collect a large enough volume of data, patterns emerge.
Then, data scientists use learning algorithms on these patterns.
Data science uses machine learning and AI to process big data.

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 Applications of AI

Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society.

It is becoming essential for today's time because it can solve complex problems in an efficient
way in multiple industries, such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc.
AI is making our daily life more comfortable and faster.

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1. AI in agriculture
➢ Agriculture is an area that requires various resources, labor, money, and time for the
best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field.
Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive
analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.
2. AI in Healthcare
➢ In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare
industry and going to have a significant impact on this industry.
➢ Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than
humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are
worsening so that medical help can reach the patient before hospitalization.

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3. AI in education:
AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot
can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
➢ AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be
accessible easily at any time and any place.
4. AI in Finance and E-commerce
➢ AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry
is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine
learning into financial processes.
➢ AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming
more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated
products with recommended size, color, or even brand.

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5. AI in Gaming
➢ AI can be used for gaming purposes. The AI machines can play strategic games
like chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.
6. AI in Data Security
➢ The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing
very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some
examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine software bugs and cyber-
attacks in a better way.

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7. AI in Social Media
➢ Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snap chat contain billions of user
profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way.
AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data.
AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtags, and requirements of
different users.
8. AI in Travel &Transport
➢ AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing
various travel related works such as from making travel arrangements to suggesting the hotels,
flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI- powered chatbots
which can make human-like interaction with customers for a better and fast response.

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10. AI in Robotics:
➢ Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots
are programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we
can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-
programmed.
➢ Humanoid Robots are the best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent
Humanoid robot named Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like
humans.

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11. AI in Entertainment
➢ We are currently using some AI-based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI
algorithms, these services show the recommendations for programs or shows.

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Many tools are used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, logic,
methods based on probability and economics.
 AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the most difficult problems in computer
science,
like:
✓ Search and optimization
✓ Logic
✓ Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning
✓ Classifiers and statistical learning methods
✓ Neural networks
✓ Control theory
✓ Languages

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Sample AI application
1. Commuting
➢ Google's AI-Powered Predictions
➢ Commercial Flights Use an AI Autopilot
2. Email
➢ Spam Filters
➢ Smart Email Categorization
3 Social Networking
➢ Facebook - When you upload photos to Facebook, the service automatically
highlights faces and suggests friends tag

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Pinterest - Pinterest uses computer vision, an application of AI where computers
are taught to "see," in order to automatically identify objects in images (or "pins") and then
recommend visually similar pins. Other applications of machine learning at Pinterest includes
spam prevention, search, and discovery, ad performance and monetization, and email
marketing.
➢ Instagram - Instagram, which Facebook acquired in 2012, uses machine learning to
identify the contextual meaning of emoji, which have been steadily replacing slang
(for instance, a laughing emoji could replace "lol")
➢ Snapchat - Snapchat introduced facial filters, called Lenses, in 2015. These filters
track facial movements, allowing users to add animated effects or digital masks that adjust
when their faces moved.

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4. Online Shopping
➢ Search - Your Amazon searches ("ironing board", "pizza stone", "Android
charger", etc.) quickly return a list of the most relevant products related to your
search
➢ Recommendations - You see recommendations for products you're interested in as
"customers who viewed this item also viewed" and "customers who bought this item also
bought", as well as via personalized recommendations on the home page, bottom of item
pages, and through email. Amazon uses artificial neural networks to generate these product
recommendations.
 
 

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5. Mobile Use
➢ Voice-to-Text - A standard feature on smartphones today is voice-to-text. By
pressing a button or saying a particular phrase ("Ok Google", for example), you can
start speaking and your phone converts the audio into text
➢ Smart Personal Assistants - Now that voice-to-text technology is accurate enough
to rely on for basic conversation, it has become the control interface for a new generation of
smart personal assistants.
o Siri and Google Now (now succeeded by the more sophisticated Google
Assistant), which could perform internet searches, set reminders, and integrate with your
calendar.

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 chapter 4: Internet of Things (IoT)

 AI  IoT essentially makes virtually anything "smart", meaning it enhances every aspect
of life with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks.  
 Connectivity  New enabling technologies for networking and specifically IoT
networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers. Networks can
exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical.
IoT creates these small networks between its system devices.
 Sensors  IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining instruments that
transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices into an active system capable of
real-world integration.

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 What is IoT?
➢ According to the Internet Architecture Board's (IAB) definition, IoT is the networking
of
smart objects, meaning a huge number of devices intelligently communicating in the presence
of internet protocol that cannot be directly operated by human beings but exist as components
in buildings, vehicles or the environment.
➢ According to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) organization's definition, IoT
is the networking of smart objects in which smart objects have some constraints such as
limited bandwidth, power, and processing accessibility for achieving interoperability among
smart objects.
➢ According to the IEEE Communications category magazine's definition, IoT is a
framework of all things that have a representation in the presence of the internet in such a way
that new applications and services enable the interaction in the physical and virtual world in
the form of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication in the cloud
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 According to the Oxford dictionary's definition, IoT is the interaction of everyday
object's computing devices through the Internet that enables the sending and receiving of
useful data.
The term Internet of Things (IoT) according to the 2020 conceptual framework is expressed
through a simple formula such as:
 
IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors
 Generally, The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things"
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables
these objects to collect and exchange data. IoT is a system of interrelated computing devices

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The internet of things (IoT) has found
its application in several areas such as
connected industry, smart-city, smart-
home, smart-energy, connected car,
smart agriculture, connected building
and campus, health care, logistics,
among other domains (see Figure )

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 IoT  Advantages
 Technology Optimization  The same technologies and data which improve the customer
experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent improvements to technology.
IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and field data.
 Reduced Waste  IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give us
superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to the more effective
management of resources.
 
 Enhanced Data Collection  Modern data collection suffers from its limitations and its
design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces and places it exactly where humans
really want to go to analyze our world. It allows an accurate picture of everything.

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 IoT - Disadvantages
Here is a list of some of the disadvantages of IoT. these are:
 As the number of connected devices increases and more information is shared between
devices, the potential that a hacker could steal confidential information also increases.
 If there's a bug in the system, it's likely that every connected device will become corrupted.

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 Challenges of IOT
Here is a list of some its major issues:
  Security  IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices communicating over
networks. The system offers little control despite any security measures. This leaves users
exposed to various kinds of attackers.
  Privacy  The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme detail
without the user's active participation.
 Complexity  Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment, and
maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new enabling
technologies.
 Flexibility  Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate easily
with another. They worry about finding themselves with several conflicting or locking systems.

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 IoT Tools and Platforms
 There are many vendors in the industrial IoT platform marketplace, offering remarkably
similar
 capabilities and methods of deployment. These IoT Platform Solutions are based on the
Internet of Things and cloud technology. They can be used in areas of smart home, city,
enterprise, home
 automation, healthcare or automotive, just to name a few

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 Applications of IoT
The versatile nature of IoT makes it an attractive option for so many businesses, organizations,
and government branches, that it doesn't make sense to ignore it. Here's a sample of various
industries, and how IoT can be best applied.
 
•Agriculture - For indoor planting, IoT makes monitoring and management of micro-
climate conditions a reality, which in turn increases production. For outside planting, devices
using IoT technology can sense soil moisture and nutrients, in conjunction with weather data,
better control smart irrigation and fertilizer systems. •Consumer Use - For private citizens, IoT
devices in the form of wearables and smart homes
make life easier. Wearables cover accessories such as Fitbit, smartphones, Apple watches,
health monitors, to name a few. These devices improve entertainment, network connectivity,
health, and fitness. Smart homes take care of things like activating environmental controls so
that your house is at peak comfort when you come home.
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• Healthcare - First and foremost, wearable IoT devices let hospitals monitor their patients'
health at home, thereby reducing hospital stays while still providing up to the minute real- time
information that could save lives. In hospitals, smart beds keep the staff informed as to the
availability, thereby cutting wait time for free space.
• Retail - IoT technology has a lot to offer the world of retail. Online and in-store shopping
sales figures can control warehouse automation and robotics, information gleaned from IoT
sensors

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•Transportation - By this time, most people have heard about the progress being made with
self-driving cars. But that's just one bit of the vast potential in the field of transportation. The
GPS, which if you think of it is another example of IoT, is being utilized to help transportation
companies plot faster and more efficient routes for trucks hauling freight, thereby speeding up
delivery times.
•Utilities - IoT sensors can be employed to monitor environmental conditions such as
humidity, temperature, and lighting.

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 IoT Based Smart Home
Smart Home initiative allows subscribers to remotely manage and monitor different home
devices from anywhere via smartphones or over the web with no physical distance limitations.
With the ongoing development of mass-deployed broadband internet connectivity and wireless
technology, the concept of a Smart Home has become a reality where all devices are integrated
and interconnected via the wireless network.

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•Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off remotely appliances to avoid accidents
and save energy.
•Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity, temperature, pressure,
wind speed and rain levels with the ability to transmit data over long distances.
•Smart Home Appliances: Refrigerators with LCD screen telling what's inside, food that's
about to expire, ingredients you need to buy and with all the information available on a smartphone
app. Washing machines allowing you to monitor the laundry remotely, and. The kitchen ranges with
the interface to a Smartphone app allowing remotely adjustable temperature control and monitoring
the oven's self-cleaning feature.
•Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems making people feel safe in their
daily life at home.
•Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and door openings and violations to
prevent intruders.
•Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply consumption monitoring to obtain
advice on how to save cost and resources, & many more.
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 chapter 5: Augmented Reality (AR)

The fundamental idea of AR is to combine, or mix, the view of the real environment with
additional, virtual content that is presented through computer graphics.
As a person moves in an environment and their perspective view of real objects changes, the
virtual content should also be presented from the same perspective

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AR refers to a live view of a physical real-world environment whose elements are merged with
augmented computer-generated images creating a mixed reality.
augmented Reality (AR) as a real-time direct or indirect view of a physical real-world
environment that has been enhanced/augmented by adding virtual computer-generated
information to it.
 
Unlike virtual reality, which creates a totally artificial environment, augmented reality uses the
existing environment and overlays new information on top of it. A live direct or indirect view
of a physical, real-world environment whose elements are augmented by computer-generated
sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or GPS data

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 Virtual reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) vs Mixed
reality (MR

The main differences between them are explained below Figure

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 Virtual Reality (VR)
VR is fully immersive, which tricks your senses into thinking you're in a different environment
or world apart from the real world.
Using a head-mounted display (HMD) or headset, you'll experience a computer-generated
world of imagery and sounds in which you can manipulate objects and move around using
haptic controllers while tethered to a console or PC
It refers to computer technologies using reality headsets to generate realistic sounds, images
and other sensations that replicate a real environment or create an imaginary world. Advanced
VR environment will engage all five senses (taste, sight, smell, touch, sound), but it is
important to say that this is not always possible  

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The most advanced VR experiences even provide
freedom of movement - users can move in a digital environment and hear sounds. Moreover,
special hand controllers can be used to enhance VR
experiences. Figure Example of Immersive Technology

Most VR headsets are connected to a computer (Oculus Rift) or a gaming console (PlayStation
VR)
Most standalone VR headsets work in combination with smartphones - you insert a
smartphone, wear a headset, and immerse in the virtual reality
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 Augmented Reality (AR)
In augmented reality, users see and interact with the real world while digital content is added to it.
If you own a modern smartphone, you can easily download an AR app and try this technology
there's a different way to experience augmented reality, though - with special AR headsets,
such as Google Glass, where digital content is displayed on a tiny screen in front of a user's
eye.
 
AR adds digital elements to a live view often by using the camera on a smartphone. Examples
of augmented reality experiences include Snap chat lenses and the game Pokemon Go.
Augmented Reality (AR) is a live, direct or indirect view of a physical, real-world environment
whose elements are augmented (or supplemented) by computer-generated sensory input such
as sound, video, graphics or GPS data see Figure.

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 Mixed Reality (MR)
Mixed Reality (MR), sometimes referred to as hybrid reality, is the merging of real and virtual
worlds to produce new environments and visualizations where physical and digital objects co-
exist and interact in real-time. It means placing new imagery within a real space in such a way
that the new imagery is able to interact, to an extent, with what is real in the physical world we
know see Figure
 
For example, with MR, you can play a virtual video game, grab your real-world water bottle,
and smack an imaginary character from the game with the bottle.

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In mixed reality, you interact with and manipulate both physical
and virtual items and environments, using next-generation
sensing and imaging technologies. MR allows you to see and
immerse yourself in the world around you even as you interact
with a virtual environment using your own hands—all without
ever removing your headset.

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 Applications of AR Systems
AR, which can be applied to education, medicine, entertainment, military, etc. Let us see some
of its applications.
 AR In education
AR can be used to enhance content and instruction within the traditional classroom,
supplement instruction in the special education classroom, extend content into the world
outside the classroom, and be combined with other technologies to enrich their individual
applications.  

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Interactive lessons - when AR technology is used in classrooms, students can view models
on their own smartphones and get a better idea of the concepts they are studying.
Higher engagement - when teachers integrate augmented reality into their lectures, they
attract the attention of their students and make lessons more effective.
When students are interested, it is much easier to make them work more productively.
Higher retention - using the AR app, students can get access to augmented models that
represent any real objects from a famous monument or work of art to a molecule.
Besides, students can get access to a website with specific information.

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 AR In Medicine
medical areas:
• surgery
• education of future doctors;
• diagnostics;
• AR tools may also aid to detect the signs of depression and other mental illnesses by
reading from facial expressions, voice tones, and physical gestures.

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 AR In Entertainment
Augmented reality can be used in - music, movies, live shows, games - and all of them can
benefit from using augmented reality.
 •AR in games - the AR games were praised for increasing physical activity in people - you
actually have to move around to find your target,
AR in music - music is not only about listening to favorite tracks and putting together
playlists.
the performers' bios, the lyrics of the song, the making of the recording or the music video.
Augmented reality can do all that and much more providing complete information on the track
or its performer.
Augmented reality can enhance live performances by illustrating the story told by a track or
displaying the way it was created by the band.

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AR on TV - this may seem a bit far-fetched, as television already shows a virtual
world,
thus adding augmented reality will raise it to the second power.
what is going on the TV screen - such as match scores, betting options, and the
like.
AR in eSports - recently, the industry of eSports has been gaining popularity in
all parts of
the globe.
Competitive online gaming has become as fascinating as real sports, and the
technology is following it closely with new solutions and unusual
implementations. Augmented reality turns eSports shows into interactive
experiences
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 chapter 6: ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM OF
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
Technology and ethics  
Technology can serve to promote or restrict human rights.
The Information Society should foster the use of emerging technologies in such a way as to
maximize the benefits that they provide while minimizing the harms.
ethics is particularly important for the accountancy profession, with a code for professional
ethics based on five basic principles - integrity, objectivity, competence and due care,
confidentiality, and professional behavior

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 General ethical principles
common ethical rules that must be applied in all technologies
1. Contribute to society and to human well-being, acknowledging that all people are
stakeholders in computing.
 
2. Avoid harm.
 
3. Be honest and trustworthy.
 
4. Be fair and take action not to discriminate
 
5. Respect the work required to produce new ideas, inventions, creative works, and
computing artifacts.
 
6. Respect privacy.
 
7. Honor
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Digital privacy
Digital Privacy is the protection of personally identifiable or business identifiable information
that is collected from respondents through information collection activities or from other
sources.
Information Privacy
In the context of digital privacy, information privacy is the notion that individuals should have
the freedom, or right, to determine how their digital information, mainly that pertaining to
personally identifiable information, is collected and used..

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 Challenges in using Robotics in manufacturing
With automation and robotics moving from production lines out into other areas of work and
business, the potential for humans losing jobs is great here too.
As automation technologies become more advanced, there will be a greater capability for
automation to take over more and more complex jobs.
As robots learn to teach each other and themselves, there is the potential for much greater
productivity but this also raises ethical and cybersecurity concerns

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 Challenges in using the Internet of Things
As more and more connected devices (such as smart watches and fitness trackers) join the Internet
of Things (IoT) the amount of data being generated is increasing.
Companies will have to plan carefully how this will affect the customer-facing application and how to
best utilize the masses of data being produced. There are also severe security implications of mass
connectivity that need to be addressed.
 
Challenges in Big Data
Almost all the technologies mentioned above have some relation to Big Data. The huge amount of
data being generated on a daily basis has the potential to provide businesses with better insight into
their customers as well as their own business operations.
 
Although data can be incredibly useful for spotting trends and analyzing impacts, surfacing all this
data to humans in a way that they can understand can be challenging. AI will play a role here.

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 chapter 7: Other emerging technologies

Nanotechnology
 Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the Nano scale, which
is about 1 to 100 nanometers.
 Nano science and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things
and can be used across all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics,
materials science, and engineering

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 Fundamental concepts in nanoscience and
nanotechnology
It's hard to imagine just how small nanotechnology is.
One nanometer is a billionth of a meter or 10-9 of meters. Here are a few illustrative examples:
➢ There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch
➢ A sheet of newspaper is about 100,000 nanometers thick
Nano science and nanotechnology involve the ability to see and to control individual atoms and
molecules.
Everything on Earth is made up of atoms—the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the buildings and
houses we live in, and our own bodies.
But something as small as an atom is impossible to see with the naked eye. In fact, it's impossible
to see with the microscopes typically used in high school science classes. The microscopes needed
to see things at the Nano scale were invented relatively recently about 30 years ago.
An atom has a diameter of about 0.1 nm. An atom's nucleus is much smaller about 0.00001 nm.
Atoms are the building blocks for all matter in our universe.

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 Applications of nanotechnology
➢ Medicine: customized nanoparticles the size of molecules that can deliver drugs directly to
diseased cells in your body. When it's perfected, this method should greatly reduce the damage
treatment such as chemotherapy does to a patient's healthy cells.
➢ Electronics: it has some answers for how we might increase the capabilities of electronics
devices while we reduce their weight and power consumption.
➢ Food: it has an impact on several aspects of food science, from how food is grown to how
it is packaged. Companies are developing nanomaterials that will make a difference not only in
the taste of food but also in food safety and the health benefits that food delivery.

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 Biotechnology
It is the broad area of biology involving living systems and organisms to develop or make
products,
or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives
thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use".
at its simplest, biotechnology is technology based on biology - biotechnology harnesses
cellular and bimolecular processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our
lives and the health of our planet.
We have used the biological processes of microorganisms for more than 6,000 years to make
useful food products, such as bread and cheese, and to preserve dairy products.
 
Brewing and baking bread are examples of processes that fall within the concept of
biotechnology
(use of yeast (= living organism) to produce the desired product
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One example of modern biotechnology is genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the
process of transferring individual genes between organisms or modifying the genes in an
organism to remove or add a desired trait or characteristic.
 
Today, biotechnology covers many different disciplines (e.g. genetics, biochemistry, molecular
biology, etc.).
New technologies and products are developed every year within the areas of e.g. Medicine
(development of new medicines and therapies), agriculture (development of genetically
modified plants, biofuels, biological treatment) or industrial biotechnology (production of
chemicals, paper, textiles, and food).

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 Application of biotechnology
➢ Agriculture (Green Biotechnology): Biotechnology had contributed a lot to modify the
genes of the organism known as Genetically Modified Organisms such as Crops, Animals,
Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, etc.
Genetically modified crops are formed by the manipulation of DNA to introduce a new trait
into the crops.
These manipulations are done to introduce traits such as pest resistance, insect resistance, weed
resistance, etc.
➢ Medicine (Medicinal Biotechnology): This helps in the formation of genetically modified
insulin known as humulin. This helps in the treatment of a large number of diabetes patients.
It has also given rise to a technique known as gene therapy. Gene therapy is a technique to
remove the genetic defect in an embryo or child. This technique involves the transfer of a
normal gene that works over the non-functional gene.

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 Block chain technology
originally block chain is a growing list of records, called blocks. 
A block chain is, in the simplest of terms, a time-stamped series of immutable records of data
that is managed by a cluster of computers not owned by any single entity.
Each of these blocks of data (i.e. block) is secured and bound to each other using cryptographic
principles (i.e. chain).
"Blocks" on the block chain are made up of digital pieces of information. Specifically, they
have three parts:
 Blocks store information about transactions like the date, time, and dollar amount of your
most recent purchase from Amazon.
 Blocks store information about who is participating in transactions.
 Blocks store information that distinguishes them from other blocks.

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 The Three Pillars of Blockchain Technology
The main properties of Blockchain Technology are:
1. Decentralization
➢ In a decentralized system the information is not stored by one single entity.
In fact, everyone in the network owns the information.
➢ In a decentralized network , if you wanted to interact with your friend then
you can do so directly without going through a third party. That was the main ideology behind
Bit coins. You and only you alone are in charge of your money. You can send your money to
anyone you want without having to go through a bank.
2. Transparency .
" Some people say that blockchain gives you privacy while some say that it is transparent.
A person's identity is hidden via complex cryptography and represented only by their
public address. So, if you were to look up a person's transaction history, you will not see "Bob
sent 1 BTC" instead you will see "1MF1bhsFLkBzzz9vpFYEmvwT2TbyCt7NZJ sent 1 BTC".
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3. Immutability
➢ Immutability, in the context of the blockchain, means that once something has been entered
into the blockchain, it cannot be tampered with.  
➢ The reason why the blockchain gets this property is that of the cryptographic hash function.
➢ In simple terms, hashing means taking an input string of any length and giving out an
output
of a fixed [Link]

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 Cloud and quantum computing
Cloud computing

Cloud computing is a means of networking remote servers that are hosted on the Internet.
Rather than storing and processing data on a local server, or a PC's hard drive, one of the
following three types of cloud infrastructure is used.
 
The first type is a public cloud. Here a third-party provider manages the servers, applications,
and storage much like a public utility.
Anyone can subscribe to the provider's cloud service, which is usually operated through their
own data center.
 

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 Cloud and quantum computing
Cloud computing
 A business or organization would typically use a private cloud. This might be hosted on their
on- site data center, although some companies host through a third-party provider instead.
Either way, the computing infrastructure exists as a private network accessible over the
Internet.
 
 The third option is a hybrid cloud. Here private clouds are connected to public clouds,
allowing data and applications to be shared between them. Hybrids also enable applications
to keep sensitive client data in a private cloud but connect to end-user software in a public
cloud.
cloud computing services can focus on infrastructure, web development or a cloud-based app.

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 Advantages of cloud computing
business benefits from economy of scale, which means cheap computing power. Because a
cloud provider's hardware and software are shared, there's no need for the initial costly capital
investment. Businesses save on the electricity required 24/7 to power and cool that computing
infrastructure. In effect, energy costs are shared.  
The cloud allows you and multiple users to access your data from any location. Smartphone,
laptop, desktop, wherever you are, you can access the data you need at any time.
 Maintenance is much cheaper, often free, so reliability is rarely a worry. Cloud computing
allows CEOs to focus on running their business.

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 Quantum computing
Quantum computers truly do represent the next generation of computing.
Unlike classic computers, they derive their computing power by harnessing the power of
quantum physics. Because of the rather nebulous science behind it, a practical, working
quantum computer still remains a flight of fancy.

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Currently, the only organization which provides a quantum computer in the cloud is IBM.
They allow free access to anyone who wishes to use their 5-qubit machine. Earlier this year
they installed a 17-qubit machine. So far over 40,000 users have taken advantage of their
online service to run experiments.
 
Google provided the fastest quantum computer with 53qubits and speed of 200
seconds computation while the supercomputer took 10000 years.
 
Qubit is short for a sequence of quantum bits. With a classic computer, data is stored in tiny
transistors that hold a single bit of information, either the binary value of 1 or 0. With a
quantum computer, the data is stored in qubits.

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 Advantages of quantum computing

Getting a quantum computer to function usefully is an exciting prospect for scientists. Their
gargantuan computing power would allow them to crunch very long numbers.
They would be able to make complex calculations that would only overwhelm classic
computers.
 
Quantum computing could help in the discovery of new drugs, by unlocking the complex
structure of chemical molecules.
Other uses include financial trading, risk management and supply chain optimization.
With its ability to handle more complex numbers, data could be transferred over the internet
with much safer encryption.

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 Autonomic computing (AC)
Autonomic computing (AC) is an approach to address the complexity and evolution problems
in software systems. It is a self-managing computing model named after, and patterned on, the
human body's autonomic nervous system. An autonomic computing system would control the
functioning of computer applications and systems without input from the user, in the same
way, that the autonomic nervous system regulates body systems without conscious input from
the individual.
The goal of autonomic computing is to create systems that run themselves, capable of high-
level functioning while keeping the system's complexity invisible to the user.
 
It refers to the self-managing characteristics of distributed resources, adapting to unpredictable
changes while hiding intrinsic complexity to operators and users.

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 Characteristics of Autonomic Systems
Autonomic systems/applications exhibit eight defining characteristics:
 
➢ Self-Awareness: An autonomic application/system "knows itself" and is aware of its state
and its behaviors.
➢ Self-Configuring: An autonomic application/system should be able to configure and
reconfigure itself under varying and unpredictable conditions.
➢ Self-Optimizing: An autonomic application/system should be able to detect suboptimal
behaviors and optimize itself to improve its execution.
➢ Self-Healing: An autonomic application/system should be able to detect and recover from
potential problems and continue to function smoothly.
➢ Self-Protecting: An autonomic application/system should be capable of detecting and
protecting its resources from both internal and external attacks and maintaining overall
system security and integrity.
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 Cyber security
It is the protection of computer systems from the theft of or damage to their hardware, software,
or electronic data. 
The field is becoming more important due to increased reliance on computer systems, the
Internet and wireless network standards such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, and due to the growth of
smart devices, including smartphones, televisions, and the various devices that constitute the
Internet of Things.
Due to its complexity, both in terms of politics and technology, cyber security is also one of the
major challenges in the contemporary world.
Cyber security is often confused with information security but it focuses on protecting computer
systems from unauthorized access or being otherwise damaged or made inaccessible.
 The term cybercrime is used to describe an unlawful activity in which computer or omputing
devices such as smartphones, tablets, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), etc.

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 Cyber security measures
The following are some security measures to be taken to prevent cybercrimes:
 
➢ Staff awareness training: - Human error is the leading cause of data breaches, so you
need to equip staff with the knowledge to deal with the threats they face. Training courses will
show staff how security threats affect them and help them apply best-practice advice to real-
world situations.
➢ Application security: - Web application vulnerabilities are a common point of intrusion
for cybercriminals

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 Cyber security measures
➢ Network security: - Network security is the process of protecting the usability and
integrity of your network and data.
➢ Password management: - Almost half of the UK population uses 'password', '123456'
or 'qwerty' as their password. 7.8.3. Types of cybersecurity threats
➢ Ransom ware: - It is a type of malicious software. It is designed to extort money by
blocking access to files or the computer system until the ransom is paid. Paying the ransom
does not guarantee that the files will be recovered or the system restored

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 Cyber security measures
Malware:- its a type of software designed to gain unauthorized access or to cause damage
to a computer.
➢ Social engineering: - it is a tactic that adversaries use to trick you into revealing sensitive
information. They can solicit a monetary payment or gain access to your confidential data.
Social engineering can be combined with any of the threats listed above to make you more
likely to click on links, download malware, or trust a malicious source.
➢ Phishing: - it is the practice of sending fraudulent emails that resemble emails from
reputable sources. The aim is to steal sensitive data like credit card numbers and login
information. It's the most common type of cyber-attack. You can help protect yourself through
education or a technology solution that filters malicious emails.

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 Cyber security
Benefits of cyber security
➢ Business protection against malware, ransom ware, phishing, and social engineering.
➢ Protection for data and networks.
➢ Prevention of unauthorized users.
➢ Improves recovery time after a breach.
➢ Protection for end-users.
➢ Improved confidence in the product for both developers and customers.
 
Cyber security vendors
Vendors in cyber security fields will typically use endpoint, network and advanced threat
protection security as well as data loss prevention.
Three commonly known cyber security vendors include Cisco, McAfee, and Trend Micro.

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 Additive manufacturing (3D Printing)
➢ What is the 3D printer?
Are "3D printing" and "additive manufacturing" (AM) the same thing?
➢The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) equates the two terms in their
definition: "Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, uses computer-aided
design to build objects layer by layer."
 

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