THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
IN NURSING
(WEEK 3)
1
A FEW THOUGHTS OF CARING…
For centuries, caring has been synonymous with the
profession of nursing. In 2002, Johnson & Johnson launched a
media campaign designed to attract more people into the
nursing profession using the slogan “Dare to
Care”. The campaign’s central theme is that nurses have
opportunities to touch lives in special ways by offering care
and caring.
2
OBJECTIVES
After 2 hours of lecture, the learners are expected to:
Discuss Christian Organizations about care of
sick people.
Present the transition of nursing practice.
Identify the contributions of nursing leaders in
nursing practice.
Name the present BON and their qualifications
.
3
THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING
OVERVIEW
The history of nursing begins with Florence
Nightingale, who became known initially from her work
in the Crimean War. She was the first nurse to nurture
and give care to military men during battle.
She later created principles of care based upon her
observations recorded during the war and the attempts
that guided her practice. These principles became the
basis for the practice of “nursing” today. Her notes
were written in the form of “hints” for women who
were placed in change of the health of others.
4
THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING
OVERVIEW
From history we have seen a change from directly caring
for those that are ill to include illness prevention and health
promotion based upon new technology and better
understanding of other approaches to care. Industrialization
has advanced to offer better lifestyles for Filipinos.
5
Christian Organizations that Provided Care for the
Sick
ORGANIZATION CONTRIBUTION
Parabolani Brotherhood Provided care during the great plaque in
Alexandria
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem (AKA The organizations were responsible for
– the Knight of Hospitalers) the development of early managerial
Teutonic Knights and administrative standards in
Knights of Lazarus providing care in the hospitals.
6
Camillus De Lellis Considered as the patron saint of nurses. Order
of Christian charity providing care for the
poor, sick, dying and prisoners.
Sisters of Charity Established by St. Vincent de Paul in France
It provides services to the community
Order of Deaconesses Founded at Keiserswerth, Germany.
Recognized the role of women in giving services
for the sick. It also initiated the establishment of
training school for nurses.
Knights of St. John of One of the first nursing orders focusing on the
Jerusalem welfare of the sick, individuals experiencing
Alexian Brotherhood famine, and severe disease. 7
THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING
Nursing in the Early 20th Century
In 2005, Fahrenwald state that caring is a
multidimensional concept that is best demonstrated
by nurse’s ability to embody the five core values of
professional nursing. Core nursing values that are
essential to nursing education include human dignity,
integrity, autonomy, altruism, and social justice.
8
THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING
Nursing in the Early 20th Century
Major Developments
*use of experimentation to gain new knowledge emerged.
Nurses’ actions are based on factual evidence and scientific
data.
*positivism became prevalent in the discovery of truth and
development of science.
*empirical and objective data as the focus of interest to test
and determine what is true and what it is not.
*emergence of radical thinking such as rationalism and
empiricism 9
THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING
Nursing in the Early 20th Century
Rationalism – makes use of reason gained thru expert study and
tested theory and established facts to evidently prove
something.
Reasoning is used for the main purpose of knowing the
harm or benefits of an act to an individual.
Deductive type of reasoning – is used to generate
rationalist view which starts from the general to specific
knowledge.
10
THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING
Nursing in the Early 20th Century
Empiricism – makes use of objective and tangible data or those
that are perceived by the senses to observe and collect data.
Inductive type of reasoning -the nurse piece together all of
the pertinent assessment data to formulate diagnosis.
e.g. “it hurts too much to take deep breaths”
- decreased breath sounds
-pulse 106 bpm
- crackles
- respi. 26 and shallow
- pulse oximeter 90% 11
THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING
Nursing Leaders of the 20th Century
NURSING LEADER YEAR CONTRIBUTION TO NURSING
MAY GRANT 1854 Worked together with Florence Nightingale
SEACOLE during the Crimean War to give aid for the
(ENGLAND) wounded soldiers.
FLORENCE 1859 Referred as the “Lady with the Lamp”.
NIGHTINGALE Contributed to the development of nursing
(ENGLAND) education, practice and administration.
12
THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING
DOROTHEA LYNDE 1861 Appointed superintendent of the Female Nurses
DIX of the Union Army during the American Civil
(USA) War.
LOUISA MAY 1862-1863 Wrote the book “Hospital Sketches “as she
ALCOTT described the works of volunteer nurses during
(USA) the civil war.
HARRIET TUBMAN 1861-1865 “The Moses of Her People”
(USA) She serves the slaves of the underground
railroad during the Civil War.
13
WALT WHITMAN 1862-1865 Worked together with Louisa Alcott during the
Civil War.
USA)
SOJOURNER TRUTH 1862-1865 Worked as a nurse during the Civil War and a
nurse-counselor for the Freedman’s Relief
(USA) Association after.
JEAN HENRI DUNANT 1862-1865 Organized the International Conference that
founded the Red Cross during the Geneva
(SWITZERLAND) Convention.
LUCY OSBORNE 1868 Developed Australia’s first school for nurses
after training in St. Thomas Hospital under the
(AUSTRALIA) supervision of Nightingale when she became the
superintendent at Sydney Hospital.
14
THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING
LINDA JUDSON 1873 America’s first trained nurse
RICHARDS Pioneer in Industrial and psychiatric nursing.
(USA)
MARY MAHONEY 1873 First trained black American.
(USA) Nursing leader who encouraged a respect for
cultural diversity.
She received an award on her significant
contributions towards improving relationships
among multicultural diversities.
CLARA BARTON 1812-1912 Organized and established the American Red
(USA) Cross 15
THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING
MARY AGNES 1884 Developed the Toronto General Hospital School
SNIVELY of Nursing and was the first president of the
(CANADA) Canadian Nurses Association.
8. LILLIAN WALD 1867 Founder of Public Health Nursing. She also
(USA) founded the Henry Street Settlement and
Visiting Nurse Service which provided nursing
services educationally, socially, and culturally.
BEDFORD FENWICK 1899 Established the International Council of Nurses
in Great Britain. 16
THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING
MARY 1861-1965 Established the Frontier Nursing Services
BRECKENRIDGE (FNS) which started at Leslie County,
MARY
(USA) AGNES 1884 Kentucky.
SNIVELY She also opened one of the first midwifery
(CANADA) training schools during her time and
introduced delivery of health care to rural
LILLIAN WALD 1867 area.
(USA)
9. ISABEL
BEDFORD 1893-1896
1899 Established the American Nurses Association
HAMPTON ROBB
FENWICK and National League of Nursing Education.
(USA) Support the rights of nursing students.
17
THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING
CLARA LOUISE 1876-1901 Worked as a contract nurse with the US
MASS Army during the Spanish-American War.
(USA)
MARGARET 1879-1966 Founder of Planned Parenthood which
HIGGINS SANGER initiated and disseminated the use of birth
(USA) control information.
LAVINIA L. DOCK 1858-1956 During the 1920, she contributed in the 19th
(USA) amendment of the American Constitution,
particularly in protest for the rights of women
during her time.
The author of Materia-Medica for nurses
18
THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING
DR. LAURANNE 1971 Served as the first president of the National
SAMS Black Nurses Association.
(USA)
LUCILLE KINLEIN 1972 First independent nurse practitioner
(USA)
DR. ILDAURA 1974 Served as the first president of National
MAURILLO-ROHDE Hispanic Nurses Association
(USA)
EDDIE BERNICE 1992 The first nurse to be elected to the United States
JOHNSON House of Representatives
(USA) 19
THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING
JULIA R. 1962 Served as the Chief Nurse Officer, Rear
PLOTNIK Admiral and became an active leader in
(USA) policy coordination for the US Surgeon
General
ADA SUE 1993 Directed the National Center for Nursing
HINSHAW Research to become the International
(USA) Institute for Nursing Research under the
National Institutes for Health.
20
THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING
Prominent Nursing Leaders in the Philippines
CESARIA TAN First Filipino nurse who had master’s Degree in Nursing in
the United States
SOCORO SIRILAN Reformed social service for indigenous patients at San
Lazaro Hospital
MAGDALENA First Filipino Industrial Nurse
VALENZUELA
ANNIE SAND Founded the National League of Philippine Government
Nurses (NLPGN) 21
THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING
CORNEL First female Military Nurse
ELVEGIA
MENDOZA
LORETO G. TUPAS Known as the Dean of Philippine Nursing
Education
SOCORRO DIAZ First editor of “The Message” the first journal
of Philippine Nurses Association (PNA)
previously known as FNA (Filipino Nurses
Association).
CONCHITA RUIZ First editor of “The Filipino Nurses” the second
22
journal of the PNA.
THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING
DR. JULITA V. Considered as the “Florence Nightingale of the Philippines”
SOTEJO Founder and the first Dean of the UNIVERSITY OF THE
Philippines College of Nursing (UPCN), who gave way to
professional Nursing in the Philippines.
Professor Emeritus of UPCN
The author of Code of Ethics for Nurses (PRC-BON Res.
#633, 1982).
Chairman Committee on Legal Aspect of Nursing which
created the first Philippine Nursing Law also known as the
Republic Act No. 877 S. 1953.
23
THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING
DR. JULITA V. Attended the Biennial Convention on May 1946
SOTEJO Contents:
1. Organization of the Board of Examiners of Nurses
2. Examination and Registration of Nurses
3. Nursing Practice
Her biography was written by Luz Tungpalan,
Dean UPCN, entitled Action Oriented Leadership
(2001)
24
THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING
ANASTACIA First Filipino Nurse with a title of Nursing
GIRON TUPAS Superintendent Chief Nurse at the Philippine General
Hospital (PGH)
Founder of Filipino Nurses Association (FNA), at
present known as the Philippine Nurses Association
(PNA)
ROSARIO First President of the FNA
MONTEMAYOR She was a graduate of Philippine General Hospital
DELGADO
School of Nursing in 1912. 25
NURSING TODAY
NURSING LAW
Republic Act No. 9173
An act providing for a more responsive
nursing profession, repealing for the purpose
Republic Act No. 7164 otherwise known as
“Philippine Nursing Act of 1991"
26
NURSING TODAY
NURSING LAW
There shall be creation of a professional regulatory board of nursing, hereinafter
referred to as the board, to be composed of a chairperson and six (6) members. they
shall be appointed by the president of the Republic of the Philippines from among two
(2) recommendees, per vacancy, of the Professional Regulation Commission,
hereinafter referred to as the commission, chosen and ranked from a list of three (3)
nominees, per vacancy, of the accredited professional organization of nurses in the
Philippines who possess the qualifications.
27
NURSING TODAY
BOARD OF NURSING (BON)
Qualification of Board Members
Any person who qualifies as chairman or member of the board
shall automatically resign from any teaching position in any school,
college or university and/ or review program for the local nursing
board examinations or in any office or employment in the
government or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof,
including government-owned or controlled corporations or their
subsidiaries. He shall not have any pecuniary interest in or
administrative supervision over any institution offering basic nursing
education programs, including review classes. 28
NURSING TODAY
BOARD OF NURSING
Carmelita C. Divinagracia, EdD was the former
President of the Association of Deans of Philippine
Colleges of Nursing (ADPCN) and the Dean of
UERMMMC College of Nursing. She is also a member
of CHED’s Technical Committee on Nursing Education.
On 2008, Dean Divinagracia received the Anastacia
Giron Tupas award.
29
30
31
32
33
Nursing is a noble profession. Challenges are the
daily norm and being self-driven by the desire to care is a
must. and just as challenging is the task of remaining
motivated while in nursing school.
“To do what nobody else will do, a way that nobody else
can do, in spite of all we go through; is to be a nurse." –
Rawsi Williams
34
35