Human behavior and

victimology
 Human behavior - is the collection of behaviors exhibited by human beings and
influenced by culture, society, values, morals, ethics and genetics.
 In the field of Criminology, the study of human behavior significant in order to
discover recurrent patterns and to formulate rules about man’s social behavior.
 Human behavior(psychology) wilhelm wundt it the term refers to all kinds of
action, reaction and responses that are exhibited by human to a given stimulus
 Stimulus- any force that come from environment
 Stimulus – cake   gustatory – perception- personal knowlegde
 Awareness- experience 
 Sensation-  
 Sense of sight –visual VOGAC
 Smell- olfactory
 Taste- gustatory 
 Hearing- auditory 
 Touch- cutaneous
 Attributes or Characteristics of Behavior
overt behavior-open, observable- 
 Covert behavior-cover .hidden from view of the observer, dreaming imagination, thinking
 Simple behavior- less number of neurons are consumed 
 Complex behavior- combination 
 Rational behavior - acting with sanity or with reason
 Irrational behavior- acting without reason, unaware
 Voluntary behavior- with full volition
 Involuntary behavior- bodily process that goes on even when we are awake or sleep
Perspective in human behavior
Biological/nuerological - involved the study of nervous
system and endocrine system
Behavioral- focuses on the environment influences
observable action
Personality- theories on personality pyscho-analytic,
humanistic, trait , social, 
Cognitive- processing thoughts, acquiring knowledge/how
the brain process and information
Cultural – norms- generally accepted by the society
 Biological/neurological
 Nervous system- help to communicate all parts of the body 
 3 function 
 Sensation- environment (stimulus)
 Integration- information storage
 Response- motor response
 Neuron transmit signal when stimulated by sensory
 Neurotransmitter
 Norepinephrine- noradrenaline- NS high alert
 Glutamate- for memory 
 GABA- gamma aminobutric acid –calming effect
 Serotonin- regulate mood 
 Endorphine- control pain and pleasure(endogenous morphine)
 Dopamine- happy chemicals , pleasure .
 Excess in dopamine- schizophrenia (schizophrenic)
 Lack parkinson 
 Psychoanalytic theory  
 Ice berg theory-
 Consciousness - aware
 Sub- pre conscious-  store knowledge
 Unconscious- evil desire, selfishness 
 Id –instinctual drive- pleasure principle 
 Ego- reality principle / gateway to action
 Super ego- moral principle
 Ego ideal- what is right
 conscience
 Unconscious wish for death? Thanatos
 Life instinct- eros love 
  DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR
 Heredity
 Environment
 SELF/learning 
 Institutional influences
 Socio-cultural factors 
 Nutrition or the quality of food 
 Heredity- it determined by genes
 Genes are segment of cell structure called chromosome.
 Transmission of trait from parent to off spring
 Chromosome
 X and y sex hormones
 Female- xx  estrogen
 Male xy testosterone 
 Xyy syndrome supermale- aggressive
 Environment- condition and factors that surround and influence an organism.
 Family- smallest unit 
 Father mother and son- nuclear
 Father mother son and grandfather extended
 Brgy smallest political unit
 Pathogenic family structure
 / disrupted family- incompleteness, death separation divorce 
 Inadequate family- lack of resources. Inability to cope with simple problem
 Disturbed or discordant family- dissatisfaction of one or both parent
 Anti- social family- espouses unaccepted values 
 Learning- process by which behavior change as a result of experience or practice.
 We observe any change in person behavior .we can say that learning has taken
place.
 Click
Learning means the act of process, to add textof gaining knowledge.
experience
 Self
 Reality assumption- how things really are
 Possibility assumption- how thing could 
 Value assumption- about right and wrong

 Institutional influence- help individual to know how to behave in a given

situation. 
 Socio cultural factor-
 War 
 Discrimination 
 Causes of human behavior
Sensation- is the feeling or impression created by a given stimulus or cause that leads to a
particular reaction or behavior.
Stimulus- mangga-  sensation- gustatory tinikman taste- perception- nasarapan,
maasim ,mapakla, naumay- awareness- experience
Vogac
Visual sight
Olfactory- smell
Gustatory- taste
Auditory- hearing
Cutaneous- touch tactile

Perception- refers to person's knowlegde of a given stimulus which largely help to determine
the actual behavioral response in a given situation
Awareness- refers to the psychological activity based on interpretation or past experience
worth a given stimulus or object
 Extra- sensory perception
 Teleportation of an object- apportation
 Out of the body experience-
 Flying –levitation
 Premonition precognition- perception of event before it happen 
 Manipulate matter- telekinesis psychokinesis 
 Manipulate fire-pyro kinesis- 
 Pychometry- obtain information by mere touching object
 Transfer of thought or emotion – telepathy 
 Classification of human behavior- HICS
 Habitual- refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in language and
emotion(repititive behavior)
 Alfie after wake up he always masturbate and after lunch and before sleep
 Brushing your teeth enamel hardest 32 
 Instinctive- they are generally unlearned and simple comes out which can be seen
among instinct survival behaviors
 Gutom- kakain pagod- pahinga nalimutan mo huminga
 Symbolic- are behaviors that are usually carried out by means of unsaid words,
shown through symbols or body signs.
 Reymar mag display ng mga achievement sa bahay 
 Complex- those behavior that combines two or more of the classified ones.
 Adam while driving he also texting 
 Transactional analysis- the method for studying interaction between individuals.
eric berne
 How people interact
 Taught-Parent ego state- protective righteous rules and standard idealistic
evaluative
 Wag maglaro ng posporo , always say thank you
 Thought Adult ego state- factual reasonable view others as [Link] ,
ung masunogan ung kapitbahay nila dahil sa posporo
  tama nga si papa na wag maglaro ng posporo kase baka masunod
 Felt Child ego state- dependent rebellion selfish demanding impatient and
emotion 2022 cp 3310 
 How people transact
 Complimentary- if the stimulus  response pattern from one ego to another are
parallel

 Non complimentary not parallel

 Biological background of behavior
 The human beings is the product of heredity, environment and education. At birth,
man is consider blank except for reflexes which are necessary for his survival.
 Tabularasa- blank john locke
 Man 8 stages of growth
 1. Pre-natal stage-inside womb 
 Ovum period
 Embroy 
 Fetus 
 2. infancy birth-first two weeks after birth
 3. Babyhood- second week to 2 yrs 
 4. childhood
 Early childhood 2-6 yrs old
 Late childhood 7-11
 5. Puberty- end of childhood begging of adolescence
 Early adolescene 17
 Late 17-21 
 6. adulthood 21-40
 7. middle age- 40-60
 8. old age- 60 and above-retirement age 
 Fetal development 
 1st month – eyeball limb buds
 2- nose jaw
 3. nail and genitals
 3 to 4 months fingerprint
 4- bodily hair
 5 gums
 6 eyebrow eyelashes
 7 testicles male
 8-9 already complete
 Temporary teeth 2 yrs 
 Permanent 6-18  32 hardest enamel
 Menstruation- 12 yrs tropical country
 Pubic hair 13 female 14 male it turned gray 40
 Breast- 13-14
 Bone adult 200 child 206 6 ears ossicles 
 Stop growing 20 yrs
 Developmental task
 Every stage of life has its accompanying developmental tasks. They are task
imposed on the individual by maturation and culture that prepare him for the next
stage of life
 Factors affecting learning
 Motivation-arouses interest, provide an objective and direct towards a goal
 Reinforcement- through the use of drills review
 Extinction- be forgotten by disuse
 Association- more connection are made with a subject
 Interest
 Rewards or punishment- should be immediate
 Regency- learning should be made recent
 Maslow hierarchy of needs-
 Human beings are motivated by a hierarchy of needs
 Self actualization- self fulfilment 
 Self esteem- self worth achievement ,respect 
 Love and belongingess- relationship family
 Safety needs- financially secured socailly stablity
 Primary needs/psysiological/basic need,
  food water shelter clothes  most important

 Aesthetic needs – body 

 Cognitive need 
 Types of personality
 Introvert- one is characterized by direction of interest towards one self
 Extrovert- interest towards external environment
 Ambivert- is a mixture of between an extrovert and introvert
 Three basic forms of conflict
 Approach-approach-  faced with the necessity of making a choice between 2
desirable goals
 Positive-positive win-win situation
 Passed pma exam pnpa 
 Honda adv rusi 250 
 Approach- avoidance- individual is both attracted and repelled by the same goal
 Positive –negative
 Board passer review linggo- birthday ng tropa nag inom 
 Avoidance- avoidance- two goals both of which are negative or repellent
 Lose lose situation 
 Negative negative- ayaw mo mag review- takot ka bumagsak 

 Conflict – simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible events

 Stress- non-specific response of the body to any demand for change.
 Type of stress
 Eustress-positive stress excitement
 Distress- negative stress – break up namatayan 
 Acute stress- short term
 Chronic stress- long stress 
 Frustration- bigo occurs when a person is blocked in the satisfaction of needs,

 Reaction to frustration
 Coping mechanism- individual way of reacting to frustration
 Flight or fight mechanism- 
 fight – harapin mo ung prolema
 Flight- tinakbuhan mo yung problema
 Frustration tolerance- capacity to withstand frustration without developing
inadequates modes of response such as abnormality
 Defense mechanism- serve as safety valve to provide relief from
emotional conflict and anxiety
 Identification
 Substitution
 Compensation
 Rationalization
 Displacement
 Fantasy
 Projection
 Denial
 Regression
 Repression
 suppression
 Identification- an individual seeks to overcome
his own feelings of inadequacy, loneliness or
inferiority by taking on the characteristics of
someone who is important to him.
 Modeling one's behavior
 Child idol nya ung parents
Substitution-is resorted,  when an
unattainable or unacceptable goal, emotion or
object is replaced by one that is attainable or
acceptable
Achieving alternate goal 
Compensation- a process whereby one
makes up for some real or imaginary
inadequacy by doing well in another activity 
 Focus in another area where they can excell 
 Mahina ka basketball – nag chess 
 Rationalization- it is fallacious thinking intended to justify ideas
and behavior in a way that seems reasonable to oneself,
although, they are intellectually justified and often socially
disapprove as well
 Justify their behavior 
  Making excuses
 Explained 
 Alibi- weakest defense
 Talo sa laro- luto bayad ung ref 
Displacement-  channeling a feeling or
thought from its actual source to something
or someone else
Sa work sinigawan ka ng boss pag uwi
mo naibaling mo sa asawa mo 
 Fantasy-day dreaming this is where an imagined
sequence of events or mental images that serves to
express unconscious conflict to gratify unconscious
wishes or to prepare for an anticipated future event.
Denial- when a person uses this mechanism
he refuses to recognize and deal with the
reality because of strong inner needs. Not
accepting reality because its to painful.
Rejecting the truth
Basketball 4th quarter 290- 34 30 secs 
Regression- he goes back to a pattern of
feeling, thinking or behavior which was
appropriate to an earlier stage of
development 
Acting like a child 
 Repression- is an unsconcious process where
unacceptable urges or painful traumatic
experiences are completely prevented from
entering consciousness.

 Rape nung bata lalaki dosyndrome

Suppression- is a conscious activity by
which an individual attempt to forget
emotionally disturbing thoughts and
experiences by pushing them out of one's
mind.
 Projection- manifest feelings and ideas which are
unacceptable to one self, but projected onto others
so that they may seem to have these feeling or
ideas that free the individual from the guilt and
anxiety associated with them
 Gusto kona mag yosi break 
 Bryan ano sabe gusto mo na mag yosi 
 Normal behavior – norma means rule
 Behavior that follow rule or pattern
 Behavior that conforms with the norms of society
 expected behavior in individuals
 Abnormal behavior ab away from
 Nomie- norm a absence of social norm
 Spermia- aspermia without sperm
 Few spern oligosspermia
 Behavior that is aways from or deviating from the normal behavior
 Bizarre
  behavioral patterns that go against the social expectations.
 Mental disorder
 DSM-5 diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorder.
 Neurosis- a condition where a person compromises with
reality. The person normally has a distortion or unclear
perception of reality.
 Mild mental condition without need of hospitalization
 Anxiety- excessive worry- neurotic fear
 Obsession- uncontrollable thinking 
 Compulsion- irresistable urge mania excitement hyper
 Dipsomania alcohol
 Arithromania bilang
 Kleptomania steal 
 Pyromania fire 
 Phobia – irrational fear exaggerated fear
 Psychosis- lose contact with reality and have difficulty
distinguishing reality from fantasy. A mental condition
where the person may withdraw from real world into the
world of fantasy
 Psychotic
 Sczhophrenia- eugene blueler  
 dementia praecox emil kraeplin
 Hallucination- false perception
 Illution false interpretatiosn
 Delusion false belief
 Type of schizophrenia 
 Simple schizo- gradual decline of interest and ambition
 Paranoid – delusion hallucination disorganized speech
 Hebephrenic- disorganized thinking , smiling without apparent reason
 Catatonic- affect the way you move
 Organic Mental Disorders - this occurs when the normal brain has been damage
resulted from any interference of the functioning of the brain.
 Types of Organic Mental Disorders
 Acute brain disorder – caused by a diffuse impairment of the brain function. Its
symptoms range from mild mood changes to acute delirium.
 Delirium –serious disturbance in mental abilities ,confused thinking,  reduce
awareness
 Chronic brain disorder – the brain disorder that result from injuries, diseases,
drugs, and a variety of other conditions. Its symptoms include impairment of
orientation (time, place and person), impairment of memory, learning,
comprehension and judgment, emotion and self-control.
 Senile pre senile dementia
 deterioration in intellectual functioning after completing brain maturation. The
defect in the process of acquiring knowledge or skill, problem solving, and
judgment.
 Auditory asphasia- loss of ability to understan spoken word
 Expressive asphasia loss of ability to speak 
 Nominal asphasia- name of object
 Alexia-  loss of ability to read
  Agraphia- loss of ability to write 
 Apraxia- loss of ability to perform simple voluntary acts
 Mental Retardation - A mental disorder characterized by sub-average general
functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior. It is a
common mental disorder before the age of 18. The person is suffering from low
I.Q, difficulty in focusing attention and deficiency in past learning.
 IQ intelligence quotient first IQ test alfred binet
 Custodial 0-25
 Trainable 25- 50
 Educable 50 75
 Borderline 75 89
 Normal 90-110
 Gifted – 111-130
 Genius 131 and above0
 Other Groups of Human Disorders

Addictive Groups of Disorders - This group of disorders includes
substance use, obesity and pathological gambling.
 Substance Use (Alcohol and Drug Abuse) 
 Alcoholism or “problem drinking” is an addictive source of human
disorders. It is evident by its general effects as follows:
 It serves as a depressant
 It numbs the higher brain center 
 It impairs judgment and other rational
 It lowers self-control
 Deterioration of perception
 Alcohol- king of all drugs
 Illegal selling of alcohol – bootlegging 
 Yosi buttlegging
 Stages 
 Slight inebriation- redness of face
 Moderate inebriation- argumentative 
 Drunk- alteration of brain control
 Coma- sleep 
 Alcoholic anonymous- fellowship to solve your drinking problem
 Aversion treatment- nasuseating effect –vomitting if the person being treated in
alcohol 
 Psychotherapy- know reason the why your drinking 
 Extreme obesity – also known as “habitual over eating” is an addictive form of
disorder. It is a life threatening disorder, resulting in such conditions as diabetes,
high blood pressures and other cardiovascular diseases that can place an
individual at high risk of heart attack.
 Pathological gambling – is an addictive form of disorder, which does not involve
chemically addictive
 Delusion –false belief
 Persecutory delusion- fear that they being stalked(daniel mc naughten rule)
 Delusion of grandeur- supernatural powers, greater than anybody
 Stop quiboloy
 Delusional jealousy- unfaithful cheat 
 Erotomania or delusion of love-feeling mo may gusto syo si fatima , irish 
 Dissociative disorder –disorder that cause disturbances in
consciousness  memory , identity and perception 
 characterized by amnesia DID depersonalization
 Amnesia- loss of memory
 Anterograde- short memory 
 Retrograde –long term 
 Localized- certain parts of events 
 DID dissociative identity disorder/ multiple personality disorder- 2 or more
personality – sanib 
 Depersonalization/derealization- out of body experience
 Somnambulism- sleep walking 
 Narcolepsy- sudden attack of sleep 
 One piece luffy garp ace 
 Hypersomnolence- excessive daytime sleepness hypersomia
 Insomnia- unable to get enough sleep
 Somatoform Disorders - Complains of bodily symptoms that suggest the
presence of physical problem but no organic basis can be found. The individual
is pre-occupied with his state of health or diseases
 Hypochondriasis – the excessive concern about state of health or physical
condition (multiplicity about illness).A Hypochondriacally person tend to seek
medical advises, but their fears is not lessened by their doctor’s reassurances, and
they maybe disappointed when no physical problem is found.
 Psychogenic Pain Disorder – characterized by the report of severe and lasting
pain. Either no physical basis is apparent or the reaction is greatly in excess of
what would be expected form the physical abnormality.
 Conversion Disorders (Hysteria) – a neurotic pattern in which symptoms of
some physical malfunction or loss of control without any underlying organic
abnormality.
 Personality disorder are characterized by an
enduring pattern of maladaptive thoughts feelings,
and behavior that can cause serious detriment to
relationship and other life areas.
Cluster 1 behavioral description
odd, eccentric
 Paranoid characterized- by a distrust of others.
 Schizoid- detached from social relation loners, introvert 
 Schizotypal- experience odd belief or magical thinking
 Supertitious belief, magical thinker
Cluster b dramatic erratic

 Anti-social- disregard the rules of society and rights of others

 Psychopaths – lack of conscience cold brutal no sense of guilt
 Ted bundy-serial killer high IQ gwapo
 Manie sans delire madness without confusion- philipe pinel
 Borderline- emotional instability, unstable drastic mood shift
 Histrionic- immature , dramatic, attention seeker- center of attraction bida
bida 
 Narcissistic- self exaggerated , self centered , interested in themselves than with
others, self importance 
 Narcissus ggss 
Cluster c anxious , fearful behavior

 OCD- obessive-compusilve disorder  perfectionist, oderliness, 

 Avoidant- severe social inhibition and sensitivity to rejection
 Dependent- no self reliance , fear of separation
 Sexual deviancy – a sexual behavior that seeks stimulation and sexual
gratification by means other than heterosexual 
 Paraphilia- abnormal sexual gratification
 Religion
 Heterosexual- opposite sex 
 Married
 For reproduction
 Position missionary man over woman 
 As to sexual reversal
 Homosexuality- same sex 
 Transvetism- crossing dressing
 Fetishism- object underwear bra 
 As to choice of partner
 Pedophilia –child 
 Gerontophilia- elder
 Bestiality- animals besto sexual- zoophillia
 Aso manok baboy kuneho kaboyo insects formicophilia

 Auto sexual- masturbation self abuse

 Necrophilia- dead body
 Incest- blood relationship 
 As to sexual urge
 Satyriasis -urge male 
 Nymphomania- female 
 As mode of sexual expression
 Oralism- use of mouth
 Fellatio-irumation bj sucking of penis
 Cunnilingus- licking of female genitals
 Anilism- anus
 As to sexual expression
 Active algolagnia/Sadism-inflict injury 
 Passive algolagnia/Masochism- receive injury
 Algolagnia/Sado- masochism- inflict or receive
injury
 As part of the body 
 buggery/Sodomy- intercourse thru anus
 Frottage- rubbing of sex organ
As to visual stimulus
Voyeurism- peeping tom pamboboso 
Scoptophilia - undressing or sexual act 
As to number of participant in the sexual
act
Troilism-three some 2 woman or men
Pluralism – sexual festival 
Group of person in sexual orgies
 Other abnormal sexual abnormalities
 Exhibitionism- exposure of genitals
 Coprolalia-use of obscene language
 Yes baby faster say my name sino mahal mo akin kalang
akin lng tong si junjun
 Coprophilia-feces two girls and one cup 
 Don juanism- fuckboy babaero 
 Philandering – cheater sa asawa
 Male disorder
 Erectile insufficiency-failure to erect
 Hindi kana tinitigasan
 Premature ejaculation- mabilis kang labasan/ quick
release
 Retarded ejaculation- failure to ejaculate
 Female
 Arousal insufficiency-frigidity- lack of sexual interest
 Orgasmic dysfunction-failure to reach orgasm
 Dyspareunia- painful sex/coitus / carnal knowledge
 Partner dry no natural lubricant sa matatanda 
 Vaginismus – lock vaginal spasm 
 Victimology Is the scientific study of victimization, including the
relationships between victims and offenders, the interactions
between victims and the criminal justice system -that is, the police
and courts, and corrections officials -and the connections between
victims and other societal groups and institutions, such as the media,
businesses, and social movements.
 Victim- the forgotten one 
 Father of victimology –benjamin mendelsohn
 Study of the role victim 
 Study on what make a person victim of crime 
 Effects of crime victimization- 
 Loss- it include financial property and productivity losses on the part of the
victims. Crime produce social cause
 Suffering- million of crime victims, suffer injury each year ranging from scratch
to a gunshot
 Fear- fearing a repeat of their attack .safety of others
 Anti-social behavior- crime victims also seem more likely to commit crime
themselves.
 Cycle of violence
 The scientific study of victimology can be traced back to
the 1940s and 1950s.  Two criminologists (victimologist),
Mendelsohn and Von Hentig, began to explore the field
of victimology by creating "typologies".
 Victimogenies – origin of victimization
 Victim- victima
 Mendelsohn (1937) interviewed victims to obtain information, and
believe that most victims had an "unconscious aptitude for being
victimized." He created a typology of six (6) types of victims, with
only the first type, the innocent, portrayed as just being in the
wrong place at the wrong time.  The other five types all contributed
somehow to their own injury, and represented victim precipitation. 
 Type of victim according to Mendelsohn 
 Completely innocent-wrong place and place- child
 Victim with minor guilt-due to ignorance 
 Guilty as offender-voluntary victim
 Gultier offender  gultier victim- vicitm is primary attacker but offender win the
fight
 Guilty victim-instigate a fight but killed in self defense
 Imaginary victim- pretend to be victim
 Primary victim  alfie –direct victim
 Secondary-family friends 
 Tertiary victim – nakapanood 

 Alfie- rape – family kamag anak nya nag suffer –nabalita crimen na nangyare kay
alfie napanod sa tv -
 General classes of victim 
 The young- weak, vulnerable 
 The female- less physically powerful 
 The old – incapable of defending himself
 Mentally defective- unable to think clearly 
 Immigrant- unsure to the rules and conduct
 Minorities-racist unequal treatment 
 Von Hentig (1948) studied victims of homicide,
 Depressive type-easy target carelessnes unsuspecting
 Greedy type- motivation for easy gain scammer
  Wanton type -vulnerable to stress- juvenile 
 Tormentor. Battered woman syndrome
 Ra 9262 marivic genosa 
Atleast twice cycle 
Cycle of abuse
Tension building 
Acute battering
Tranquil or loving
 Over the years, ideas about victim precipitation have come to be perceived as a
negative thing; "victim blaming" it is called. Crime victim generally refers to
any person, group, or entity who has suffered injury or loss due to illegal activity.
The harm can be physical, psychological, or economic.  
 Victim precipitation as the extent to which a victim is responsible
for his or her own victimization.
 Active precipitation- view that the source of many criminal
incident is the aggressive behavior or provocative behavior of
victims
 Passive precipitation- view that some people becomes victims
because of personal and social characteristics that make them
attractive targets for predatory criminals.
 Victim facilitation- when victim unintentionally makes it easier for an offender to
commit crime
 Left pouch 
 Bukas pinto
 Susi motor 

 Victim provocation- occurs when a person does something that incite another

person to commit illegal act
RAT

 Cohen & Felson's (1979) Routine Activities Theory - This one is quite popular
among victimologists today who are anxious to test the theory.  
 Crime occurs whenever three conditions come together: 
 Suitable Targets - and we'll always have suitable targets as long as we have
poverty. 

 Motivated Offenders - and we'll always have motivated offenders since

victimology, unlike deterministic criminology, assumes anyone will try to get away
with something if they can; and 
 absence of Guardians - the problem is that there's few defensible spaces (natural
surveillance areas) and in the absence of private security, the government can't do
the job alone.
 Lifestyle theory- this theory suggest that victimization
risk is increased when people have a high-risk lifestyle.
Placing oneself at risk by going out to dangerous places
result in increased victimization
 Deviant place theory- this theory postulated that
people who live In deviant place are at high risk
from crime. Victims behavior has little influence
over the criminal act.
 Broken window theory
 This theory argues that maintaining and monitoring
urban development policing low-level offenses can
prevent more serious crime.
 James q wilson
 Area was unsafe
 Sign of disorder will lead to more disorder
 Graffiti, pang gangster madumi magulo 
 Luckenbill – situated transaction mode
 Crime and victimization is a contest of character
 6 stage of situated transaction model
 1. initiation of an offensive move by victim
 2. interpretation of the move by the offender
 3. offender respond
 4. victim react
 5 both carry out acts of violence each other
 6. result is victim death
 Stephen schafer- responsibility
 Victims and his criminal- 
 Social characteristics and behavior
 1. unrelated victims- no responsibility
 2. provocative victims- share responsibility
 3. biologically weak victim- no responsibility 
 4. socially weak- no responsibility
 5. precipitative victim-some degree of responsibility
 6 self-victimizing –total responsibility
 7. political victims- no responsibility
Marvin wolfgang- first person who investigate victim
precipitation 
He study of homicide In Philadelphia .558 homicide to see
what extent victims precipitated their own death .
Victim and offender knew each other
Male to male offender 
Alcohol was also likely to play a role in victim
 Benjamin & Master's Threefold Model - This one is found in a variety of
criminological studies, from prison riots to strain theories.  
 Conditions that support crime can be classified into three general categories: 
 Precipitating Factors - time, space, being in the wrong place at the wrong time.

 Attracting Factors - choices, options, lifestyles (the sociological expression

"lifestyle" refers to daily routine activities as well as special events one engages in
on a predictable basis).

Predisposing Factors - all the sociodemographic characteristics of victims, being
male, being young, being poor, being a minority, living in squalor, being single,
being unemployed
 Menachem amir- he examine the extent to which victims precipitated their own
rapes and also identified common attributes of victim precipitated raped. 
 Pag may alak may balak
 He found that these rape were likely involve alcohol , the victim was likely
engage in seductive behavior , likely to wear revealing clothing, likely to use
risque language , and she likely had a bad reputation.
 Victims of crime model
 a. stage of impact-during and immediately following the criminal event.
 b. stage of recoil- victim formulate psychological defenses and deals
with conflicting emotion of guilt and ger acceptance and desire of revenge
 c. reorganization- victim puts his or his life back to normal daily living 
 Disaster victim model- develop to explain the coping behavior of victims of
natural disaster.
 a. pre impact-victim condition prior to being victimized
 b. impact- victimization occur
 c. post impact- degree and duration of personal and social disorganization
following victimization
 d. behavioral outcome- describes the victim's adjustment to the victimization
experience
 crime Prevention and Protection Principles
 Primary Prevention - involves altering the environment in such a way that the
root causes, or at least the facilitators, of crime are eliminated.
 Secondary Prevention - involves a focus upon specific problems, places, and
times with the twin goals of reducing situation-specific opportunities for crime
and increasing the patrol strategies
 Tertiary Prevention - is a term taken from the field of medicine to describe
procedures to be taken after a disease or threat is manifesting crime.
 1965-the first victim compensation program was started in california 
 1973- 1st international symposium on victimology held in Jerusalem
 1975- 1st victim right week in Philadelphia renamed (National Crime Victims'
Rights Week)
 Republic Act No. 7309 is the law creating the Board of
Claims under the Department of Justice granting
compensation for victims of unjust imprisonment or
detention and victims of violent crimes.
 Who may apply for compensation?
 A person who was unjustly accused convicted and imprisoned and subsequently
released by virtue of a judgment of acquittal;
 A person who was unjustly detained and released without being charged;
 A person who is a victim of arbitrary detention by the authorities as defined in
the Revised Penal Code under a final judgment of the court;
 A person who is a victim of a violent crime which includes rape and offenses
committed with malice which resulted in death or serious physical and/or
psychological injuries, permanent incapacity or disability, insanity, abortion,
serious trauma, or committed with torture, cruelty or barbarity.
 How much is given to a qualified applicant?
 For the victims of unjust imprisonment, the compensation shall be based on the
number of months of imprisonment and every fraction thereof shall be
considered one month, but in no case shall such compensation exceed ONE
THOUSAND PESOS (P1,000.00) per month.

 In all other cases the maximum for which the Board may approved a claim shall
not exceed TEN THOUSAND PESOS (P10,000.00) or the amount necessary to
reimburse the claimant the expenses incurred for hospitalization, medical
treatment, loss of wage, loss of support or other expenses directly related to the
injury, whichever is lower to be determined by the Board.
 Salamat sainyong tapos na 
 The end