Chapter-1
Energy
Energy and Heat
Energy
Shape Kinetic
Potential position motion
Mechanical Energy
Gravitational P.E Elastic P.E
mass height mass speed
Law of conservation of energy
-Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
-Energy can be transformed from one place to another.
Note*
-The important form of energy is heat.
-Energy will always move from a hotter obj to a cooler obj.
1. Endothermic
• Absorb energy(heat) from
the environment
• Cool state
• Product>Reactant
Reaction
GK 2. Exothermic
F-9/5 degreeC +32 • Release energy(heat) to the
environment
• Reactant>Product
Heat
• Heat energy can chg a solid to a liquid and a liquid to a gas.
• Particles move slowest in a solid,faster in a liquid,and fastest in a gas.
• Solid state has a lower temperature than liquid.
• Liquid state has a lower temperature than gas.
• Three states occur at the same time is called Triple Point.
Conduction Convection
-In conduction,energy will continue -Convection transfers heat by the
to be transferred until the T of two movement of a liquid or a gas
Substances r equal.
-Conduction transfers H between two
Substances that are directly touching.
Types of Energy
• Heat Energy-Related to a substance’s [Link].a cup of hot tea
• Electrical Energy-can turn a motor
-carried in electrical charges,[Link],solar cells
• Chemical Energy- provides food for humans and life functions
-stored in a substance’s chemical bonds,[Link] gas
• Mechanicl Energy-turns the axles of a car or the blades of a fan
-related to an obj’s motion and position,[Link]
• Nuclear Energy-stored I the nuclei of a substance’s atoms,[Link]
• Light Energy-light can act like wave and particle
-create an image,eg,photograph,fire
• Radiant Energy-carried in electromagnetic waves,like light,sun,x-rays.
• Sound Energy-a form of energy that can bee heard by living things
• Solar Energy-radiant light and heat from the sun,to generate
electricity,solar thermal energy including solar water heating,and solar
architecture
Waves and Radiation
• Wave is a disturbance that carries energy from one point to another
througha medium or a space.
• Disturbance is some sort of vibration.
• Medium is the matter that carries a wave between locations.
Wave
Electromagnetic Mechanical
• can travel through empty • require a medium
space • [Link] and water
• do not require a medium
waves
• [Link],radio,microwaves
Electromagnetic Wave
Electromagnetic Wave
Lowest highest
Harmless Harmful
• Radiowaves,microwaves,infrared • UV light,X rays,Gamma rays
rays,visible light • Ionizing radiation
• Non ionizing radiation
Note*
• The higher a wave’s f,the more energy it carries
• The shorter a wave’s wavelength,the higher its frequency and vice
versa.
• Radio waves have the longest wavelengths(lowest frequency)
• Gamma rays have the shortest(highest frequency)
Mechanical Wave
Transverse Longitudinal
• Wave/particle motion is • Wave/particle motion moves
perpendicular to energy/wave in the same direction as the
motion energy/wave motion
Compressions-particles are pushed together
Rarefactions-particles are pulled apart
Low frequency
(highest point) High f
crest
wavelength
A A
wavelength
trough
(lowest point)
Note;
• Amplitude is the height of a wave.(crest+trough/2) .
• Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive crest or trough
• Frequency is the number of wave cycles in one second.*based on 1s
• Period is the time taken between two consecutive [Link] on
wavelength.
• Frequency and period are inveresly proportional.
• Wave cycle(crest>>trough>>crest>>trough,..)
• Short period-highest frequency
• Long period-lowest frequency
Chemical Interactions
P and N > E(2000times) [Link](+)
Atomic Particles 2. neutrons(neutral)
e
4 Atomic mass
proton [Link](-) He
2 Atomic number
nucleus
Number of electrons=Number of protons
• Atom has a neutral charge
• Number of electrons chged,atoms became uncharged particles
• Number of protons chged,atoms became a competely different
element(matter).
• Atoms with fewer or more neutrons than p are called isotopes.
Electron Number- atom ion
Proton Number- element different matter
Neutron Number- atom isotope
[Link]
Two or more atoms
If the atoms are same type,the molecule is defined as element
[Link]
Two or more different atoms
Defined as a compond
[Link]
Two or more elements that have been chemically bonded
Physical Property
• Colour,melting point,density
Chemical Property
• Reacting with other chemicals(reaction)
• One sub interacts with one another
Density
Density=mass/volume
States of Matter
Solid
• Very little space
• Particles gain and expand when heated
Liquid
• Small amount of space
• Particles gain and expand when heated
Gas
• Very low densities/huge amount of space
• When gas is cooled,particles lose energy and move more slowly
• Gas to Solid-Deposition
• Solid to Gas-Sublimation
• Solid to Liquid-Melting/Freezing
• Liquid to Gas-Vaporization
• Gas to Liquid-Condensation
Law of conservation of mass
• Neither created nor destroyed
• The amount of matter doesn’t chg
• Total mass of the reactant =total mass of the product
Synthesis reaction
-more complex
Types of chemical reactions Decomposition reaction
-Break down into simpler
Replacement reaction
-one element replaces another
Solutions and Solubility
-The sub that is dissolved in a solvent is called solute [Link],salt
-The sub that does the dissolving is called solvent.
-In solubility,most solids increase as temperature increases
-In solubility,gases decreases as temperature rises
Unsaturated solution
-Still and keep dissolving
Saturated solution
Saturation -dissolved the maximum amount of solute that is
possible at the T
Supersaturated solution
-liquid contains more solute than it can dissolve at a
given T
Weak and Strong solutions
• Dilute (weak)
• A small amount of solute dissolved in a solvent is called Dilute
• Concentrated(strong)
• A lot of solute dissolved in a solvent is called Concentrated
• In a weak acid, only some of the molecules will form ions
• In a strong acid,nearly all of the acid molecules will form ions
• The pH no range from 0 to 14
• Solutions with pH no less than 7 r acidic.(lower the pH no,stronger
the acid)
• Solutions with pH no greater than 7 r alkaline(higher the pH
no,stronger the alkali)
• A solution with a pH of exactly 7 is neutral,[Link]
Note*
• The particles that are discharged are called radioactive.
• They come from the nucleus of an atom ,this process is called
nuclear radiation.
• Uranimum is a dangerous radioactive elment.