SPACE EXPLORATION

CLASS : S.Y.B ARCHITECTURE

SUB : ENVIRONMENTAL
PRESENTED BY : RUTUJA KANDEKAR.

UNDER GUIDANCE OF :
PROF : AR . PRAVIN JAMDADE .
 SPACE EXPLORATION

 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY

 Targets of exploration
 Other objects in the Solar System

 Future of space exploration

 Human spaceflight and habitation
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
•Space Exploration Is The Use Of Astronomy And Space Technology To

Explore Outer Space.
•  While The Exploration Of Space Is Carried Out Mainly By 

Astronomers With Telescopes, Its Physical Exploration Though Is

Conducted Both By Uncrewed Robotic Space Probes And 
Human Spaceflight.
• Space Exploration, Like Its Classical Form Astronomy, Is One Of The

Main Sources For Space Science. In The 2000s, China Initiated A 

Successful Crewed Spaceflight.
• Program When India Launched Chandraayan 1, While The 

European Union And Japan Have Also Planned Future Crewed Space

Missions.
• China, Russia, And Japan Have Advocated Crewed Missions To The

Moon During The 21st Century, While The European Union Has
Advocated Crewed Missions To Both The Moon And Mars During The
20th And 21st Century.
 History of exploration
First outer space flights
 In 1949, the Bumper-WAC reached an altitude of 393

kilometres (244 mi), becoming the first human-made object

to enter space, according to NASA, although V-2 Rocket 
MW 18014 crossed the Kármán line earlier, in 1944
First human outer space flight
 The first successful human spaceflight was Vostok 1 ("East

1"), carrying the 27-year-old Russian cosmonaut, 

Yuri Gagarin, on 12 April 1961. The spacecraft completed
one orbit around the globe, lasting about 1 hour and 48
minutes. Gagarin's flight resonated around the world; it was
a demonstration of the advanced Soviet space program and
it opened an entirely new era in space exploration: 
human spaceflight.
Targets of exploration

Starting in the mid-20th century probes and then human mission were
sent into Earth orbit, and then on to the Moon. Also, probes were
sent throughout the known Solar system, and into Solar orbit.
Uncrewed spacecraft have been sent into orbit around Saturn,
Jupiter, Mars, Venus, and Mercury by the 21st century, and the
most distance active spacecraft, Voyager 1 and 2 traveled beyond
100 times the Earth-Sun distance.
 The Sun

The Sun is a major focus of space exploration. Being above the

atmosphere in particular and Earth's magnetic field gives access to
the solar wind and infrared and ultraviolet radiations that cannot
reach Earth's surface. The Sun generates most space weather,
which can affect power generation and transmission systems on
Earth and interfere with, and even damage, satellites and space
probes.
Mercury
Mercury remains the least explored of the Terrestrial planets. As of
May 2013, the Mariner 10 and MESSENGER missions have been
the only missions that have made close observations of Mercury. 
MESSENGER entered orbit around Mercury in March 2011, to
further investigate the observations made by Mariner 10 in 1975
(Munsell, 2006b).
A third mission to Mercury, scheduled to arrive in 2025, 
BepiColombo is to include two probes. BepiColombo is a joint
mission between Japan and the European Space Agency. 
MESSENGER and BepiColombo are intended to gather
complementary data to help scientists understand many of the
mysteries discovered by Mariner 10's flybys.

 .
Venus
Venus was the first target of interplanetary flyby and lander
missions and, despite one of the most hostile surface
environments in the Solar System, has had more landers sent
to it (nearly all from the Soviet Union) than any other planet
in the Solar System. The first flyby was the 1961 Venera 1,
though the 1962 Mariner 2 was the first flyby to successfully
return data
 Earth
 Space exploration has been used as a tool to understand Earth

as a celestial object in its own right. Orbital missions can

provide data for Earth that can be difficult or impossible to
obtain from a purely ground-based point of reference.

 For example, the existence of the Van Allen radiation belts

 was unknown until their discovery by the United States' first
artificial satellite, Explorer 1. These belts contain radiation
trapped by Earth's magnetic fields, which currently renders
construction of habitable space stations above 1000 km
impractical.
Mars

Phobos

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

Pluto
Other objects in the Solar System
Comets
 Although many comets have been studied from Earth sometimes

with centuries-worth of observations, only a few comets have

been closely visited. In 1985, the International Cometary
Explorer conducted the first comet fly-by (21P/
Giacobini-Zinner) before joining the Halley Armada studying
the famous comet..
 Deep space exploration

Deep space exploration is the branch of astronomy, astronautics

 and space technology that is involved with the exploration of
distant regions of outer space.
Physical exploration of space is conducted both by 
human spaceflights (deep-space astronautics) and by 
robotic spacecraft
Future of space exploration
Breakthrough Starshot
 Breakthrough Starshot is a research and engineering project by the 
Breakthrough Initiatives to develop a proof-of-concept fleet of light sail
 spacecraft named StarChip,to be capable of making the journey to the 
Alpha Centauri star system 4.37 light-years away. It was founded in
2016 by Yuri Milner, Stephen Hawking, and Mark Zuckerberg.
Asteroids
 An article in science magazine Nature suggested the use of asteroids as a

gateway for space exploration, with the ultimate destination being Mars.
 In order to make such an approach viable, three requirements need to be

fulfilled: first, "a thorough asteroid survey to find thousands of nearby

bodies suitable for astronauts to visit"; second, "extending flight
duration and distance capability to ever-increasing ranges out to Mars";
and finally, "developing better robotic vehicles and tools to enable
astronauts to explore an asteroid regardless of its size, shape or spin".
James Webb Space Telescope

 The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST or "Webb") is a space telescope

 that is planned to be the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope.
 The JWST will provide greatly improved resolution and sensitivity over the

Hubble, and will enable a broad range of investigations across the fields of 
astronomy and cosmology, including observing some of the most distant
events and objects in the universe, such as the 
formation of the first galaxies. Other goals include understanding the 
formation of stars and planets, and direct imaging of exoplanets and novas.
Artemis program
 The Artemis program is an ongoing crewed spaceflight program carried out

by NASA, U.S. commercial spaceflight companies, and international

partners such as ESA,[61] with the goal of landing "the first woman and the
next man" on the Moon, specifically at the lunar south pole region by 2024.
 Artemis would be the next step towards the long-term goal of establishing

a sustainable presence on the Moon, laying the foundation for private

companies to build a lunar economy, and eventually sending humans to 
Mars.
Commercialization of space

 he commercialization of space first started out with the launching of

private satellites by NASA or other space agencies. Current examples
of the commercial satellite use of space include 
satellite navigation systems, satellite television and satellite radio.
 The next step of commercialization of space was seen as human
spaceflight. Flying humans safely to and from space had become
routine to NASA.
  Reusable spacecraft were an entirely new engineering challenge,
something only seen in novels and films like Star Trek and War of the
Worlds. Great names like Buzz Aldrin supported the use of making a
reusable vehicle like the space shuttle.
 Aldrin held that reusable spacecraft were the key in making space
travel affordable, stating that the use of "passenger space travel is a
huge potential market big enough to justify the creation of reusable
launch vehicles".
Human spaceflight and habitation

 To date, the longest human occupation of space is the 

International Space Station which has been in continuous use for
21 years, 172 days. Valeri Polyakov's record single spaceflight of almost
438 days aboard the Mir space station has not been surpassed. The health
effects of space have been well documented through years of research
conducted in the field of aerospace medicine.
 It is imperative that the health of the crew be maintained as any deviation
from baseline may compromise the integrity of the mission as well as the
safety of the crew, hence the reason why astronauts must endure rigorous
medical screenings and tests prior to embarking on any missions.
 However, it does not take long for the environmental dynamics of
spaceflight to commence its toll on the human body; for example, 
space motion sickness (SMS) - a condition which affects the
neurovestibular system and culminates in mild to severe signs and
symptoms such as vertigo, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, and disorientation -
plagues almost all space travelers within their first few days in orbit.
CONCLUSION

 What have we learned from space exploration?

 Space exploration allows us to prove or disprove scientific

theories developed on Earth. Studying the solar system, for

example, has brought us insights into such phenomena as
gravity, the magnetosphere, the atmosphere, fluid dynamics
and the geological evolution of other planets
 The generation of space debris entails numerous harmful

effects. Besides the damage potential induced through in-orbit

collisions and reentry hazards, the pollution of outer space
represents a significant challenge to the long-term
usability of outer space.
 REFERENCE

  "How Space is Explored". NASA. Archived from the original on 2 July 2009.

 ^ [Link] by Walter J. Boyne in
Air Force Magazine, September 1, 2004
 ^ [Link]
Post article on 90th anniversary of Opel RAK2 public rocket demonstration at
AVUS Berlin
 ^ 
[Link]
n-opel-180977634/
 article by Frank H. Winter in Air&Space, April 30, 2021
 ^ Roston, Michael (28 August 2015). "NASA's Next Horizon in Space". 
The New York Times. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
 ^ Chow, Denise (9 March 2011). 
"After 13 Years, International Space Station Has All Its NASA Rooms"
. [Link].
 ^ Connolly, John F. (October 2006). "Constellation Program Overview" (PDF).
Constellation Program Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2007.
Retrieved 6 July 2009.
THANK YOU