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Valence Bond Theory Overview

(1) According to the valence bond theory proposed by Heitler and London in 1927, a covalent bond is formed by the overlap of two atomic orbitals containing electrons of opposite spin. (2) This overlap creates a single bond orbital occupied by both electrons. The electrons in the bond orbital have opposite spins. (3) The theory was later extended by Pauling and Slater in 1931 to explain that orbital overlap leads to a release of energy and a more stable molecule with lower energy than the isolated atoms.

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149 views6 pages

Valence Bond Theory Overview

(1) According to the valence bond theory proposed by Heitler and London in 1927, a covalent bond is formed by the overlap of two atomic orbitals containing electrons of opposite spin. (2) This overlap creates a single bond orbital occupied by both electrons. The electrons in the bond orbital have opposite spins. (3) The theory was later extended by Pauling and Slater in 1931 to explain that orbital overlap leads to a release of energy and a more stable molecule with lower energy than the isolated atoms.

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Aiyan
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Valence Bond Theory AIAS

How a covalent bond is formed ?

Heitler & London (1927) proposed VBT.

According to this theory

(1) The bond formed by the overlap of two atomic orbitals belonging to the outermost shell of
two atoms and containing two electrons of opposite spin is called a covalent bond.

(2) The overlap of two atomic orbitals gives rise to a single bond orbital which is a localized
orbital and is occupied by both the e-s.

(3) The two e-s that occupy the bond orbital have opposite sign.
Valence Bond Theory AIAS

(4) The electron pair present in the bond now belongs to each of the two atomic orbitals.

(5) A large part of the bonding force of covalent bond results from the electrostatic attraction
between the nuclei and the accumulated e - clouds between them.

The Heitler & London theory was extended by Paulin & Slater in 1931
According to the extension of this theory AIAS

(1) The overlapping of orbitals involves a release of energy and hence the molecule formed has less energy
& consequently is more stable than the isolated atoms.

Energy released = Bond Energy

(2) Overlapping takes place only between those valence shell orbitals which have unpaired e -s. The orbitals
containing paired e-s do not participate in overlapping process & hence do not contribute to bond formation.

(3) Between the two orbitals of the same energy or stability the orbital which is non-spherical (p) forms
stronger bonds (covalent) than that which is spherically symmetrical (s).

(4) A spherically symmetrical orbital does not show any preference in direction whereas the non-spherical
orbital tend to form a bond in the direction of maximum e - density within the orbital i.e. along their axis.
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