Genes Involved In leaf
Development
Presented By,
Sourabha B R
II [Link]
Introduction
Leaves are the most important organs for plants.
Without leaves,
1. plants cannot capture light energy or synthesize organic
compounds via photosynthesis.
2. plants would be unable perceive diverse environmental
conditions, particularly those relating to light
quality/quantity.
3. plants would not be able to flower because all floral organs
are modified leaves.
Only in the year 1994 the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana was used for
leaf developmental studies.
This was discovered whenTsukaya et al. Performed anatomical analyses
of cotyledon development in the Columbia wild-type strain of
Arabidopsis and showed that embryonic leaves may be used as a model
for studies of leaf morphogenesis.
Understanding of leaf development in Arabidopsis has progressed since
Donnelly et al. (1999) analyzed the expression pattern of a pCYCLIN
B1:1(CYCB1;1)::GUS fusion gene.
Expression of this gene is a specific marker of the G2/M phase of the
cell cycle.
Donnelly et al. (1999) were able to monitor patterns of division and
enlargement of cells in leaf primordia from the first protrusion of leaf
primordia to leaf maturity
Development of
primordia of eighth
foliage leaves (Leaf 8
primordia)
monitored with the
pCYCB1;1::GUS-DB
reporter gene.
McConnell et al. (2001) - cloned the PHABULOSA (PHB;
AT2G34710) and PHAVOLUTA (PHV; AT1G30490) genes,
which have similar functions in determination of adaxial fate in
leaf primordia.
Further studies in the plant revealed that activity of SAM and
the establishment of polarity around the leaf primordia are
interlinked
The YABBY genes operate in the induction of leaf lamina
specific genetic programes that shouy down the SAM activity
such as WUSCHEL (WUS; AT2G17950) in the leaf primordia
•Representation of patterns of expression of key
genes
required for early steps in leaf development in
Arabidopsis.
•Cross sections of a shoot apex with two young leaf
primordia and one predicted area of a leaf
primordium are shown. Regions in which the
indicated genes are
expressed are shaded.
Early events in leaf development
Initiation of the leaf primordium,
Establishment of dorsivendorsiventrality, and
Development of a marginal meristem.
Positiveregulator of cell proliferation in leaf primordia
ANGUSTIFOLIA3(AN3)/AtGRF-INTERACTING FACTOR1 (At-
GIF1; AT5G28640) is important in the control of leaf-lamina
formation
boththe epidermis and inner tissue are under a control of the
AN3/AtGIF1 activity, in terms of number of cells formation
Interference with AN3 movement results in abnormal leaf size and
shape, indicating - AN3 signaling is essential for normal leaf
development with a coordinated growth between epidermis and
inner tissue
In a longitudinal orientation, two regulations are important
1. One is the cell-cycle arrest front that borders the cell
proliferating domain or “leaf meristem”;
2. others are areas of cell expansion and differentiation
recognizable as two fronts:
o a primary front that determines arrest of general cell
proliferation and
o a secondary arrest front that arrests dispersed meristematic
cell proliferation
The secondary arrest front is thought to be under control of
PEAPOD (PPD)1 (AT4G14713) and PPD2 (AT4G14720)
ROTUNDOFOLIA4 (ROT4; AT2G36985) peptide and
similar peptides are encoded by 23 members of the ROT4
paralogs involves in the longitudinal position cueing in
lateral organs of the Arabidopsis thaliana
the distribution of cells from the SAM to the leaf blade or
tip is not uniform and steady.
Along the leaf margins there are periodic slow down and
inconsistency in the cell proliferation.
Thisleads to the formation of serrations, which is linked to
formation of auxin maxima and is controlled by PIN-
FORMED1 (PIN1).
Another key factor in formation of serrations is the CUP-
SHAPED COTYLEDON2 (CUC2; AT5G53950) gene that is
generally required for boundary formation between two organs
The class I KNOX members (SHOOT APICAL
MERISTEMLESS:
STM: AT1G62360; KNAT1, KNAT2: AT1G70510, and
KNAT6:) are key factors in formation and maintenance of the
SAM identity; their elimination from early leaf primordia is
required for the differentiation
ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1,AS2), BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1
(BOP1,BOP2), SAWTOOTH1 (BEL1-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN
(BHL)2/SAW1), BHL4/SAW2, JAGGED (JAG), JAGGED
LATERAL ORGANS JLO are involved in the suppression of I
KNOX gene
PRESSED FLOWER (PRS)/WUSCHEL-RELATED
HOMEOBOX (WOX)3 and WOX 1 are required for the
establishment of adaxial and abaxial side of the leaf- expressed
in mid sections of the leaf
The LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARY (LOB) gene family,
BOP1 and BOP2, and CUC gene family – help in
establishment of the leaf boundary
Arabidopsis thaliana GROWTH REGULATING FACTOR
(AtGRF) family (regulated by miR396), AN3/AtGIF1, AUXIN-
REGULATED GENE INVOLVED IN ORGAN SIZE (ARGOS),
DA1, G protein g subunit AGG3, STRUWWELPETER are
postive regulators of the SAM proliferation in to leaf
H+- pyrophosphatase gene (AVP1;) regulates number of cells
in leaf blade.
Reference
Tsukaya, H. (2013). Leaf Development.
The Arabidopsis Book, 11. The American
Society of Plant Biologists . pp1–16.
[Link]