Connecting to the
Network
Networking for Home and Small Businesses – Chapter
3
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What is a network?
The ability to connect people and equipment no matter
where they are in the world.
– telephone
– computers
– television
How does your body work as a network??
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Networking and Its Benefits
A CONVERGED NETWORK!!!
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Networking and Its Benefits
SOHO Network
– Small Office/Home Office
– sharing of resources
• Internet
• Printer
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Networking and Its Benefits
Schools, Internet
Corporations
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Networking and Its Benefits
Define the components of an Information network
Hosts
– PCs
– send and receive information across the network
–connected to a network device
Peripherals
– not directly connected to the network, but connected to hosts
Network devices
– hub, switch, router
Network media
– used to connect hosts/devices
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Networking and Its Benefits
Clients and servers
– software installed determines the role of a client or a server
Server software
– enables the server to provide information to other hosts
Client software
– enables the client to request and display information from the
server
– Example: Internet Explorer
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Networking and Its Benefits
Build computer peer-to-peer network and verify
The ability to act as both a client and server
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Network Topologies
Physical topology
– created to record where each host is on the network
– shows how each host is connected (media, devices, etc)
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Network Topologies
Logical topology
– how the host uses the network
– host names, addresses, groups, applications
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Communication Protocols
Primary purpose of a network – to communicate
Elements of communication
– Sender (source)
• has a need to communicate
– Receiver (destination)
• receives message and interprets it
– Channel
• pathway for information to travel
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Successful delivery of the message
Rules (protocols) must be followed:
– Identification of the sender and/or receiver
– Channel in which to communicate (face-to-face)
– Mode of communication (written or spoken)
– Language
– Grammar
– Speed or timing
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Communication Protocols
Encoding vs. Decoding
Encoding
– Humans
• converting thoughts into language, symbols, or sounds
– Computers
• messages converted into bits by sending host
• each bit encoded into sound, light, or electrical impulses
• destination host then decodes the signal
Decoding
– reverse of encoding
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Communication Protocols
Message formatting and encapsulation
Message needs a specific format
Compare to parts of a letter
– Identifier (recipient)
– Salutation
– Message
– Closing
– Identifier (sender)
Encapsulation
– placing the letter into the envelope
De encapsulation
– letter removed from the envelope
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Communication Protocols
Messages have size restrictions depending on the
channel used
If the message is broken into smaller pieces, it is easier
to understand
.
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Communication Protocols
Timing
– when to speak; how fast or how slow
– how long to wait for a response
Access Method
– determines when someone is able to send a message
– can speak when no one else is talking, otherwise a COLLISON
occurs
Flow Control
–sender might transmit messages faster than the user can handle
Response Timeout
– how long should you wait for a response and what action to take
Acknowledgment
– may be required to ensure message was delivered
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Communication Protocols
Message Patterns
Unicast – single destination
Multicast – same message to a group
Broadcast – all hosts need to receive the message
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Communication Protocols
PROTOCOLS = RULES TO FOLLOW
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Communication Across a Local Ethernet
Network
Computers must speak the same language in order to
communicate!!
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Communication Across a Local Ethernet
Network
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)
– maintains networking standards
– 802.3 – Ethernet standard
A breakdown of terminology
– 100 Base-T
– 100 = Speed in Mbps
– Base = Baseband transmission
– T = Twisted Pair
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Communication Across a Local Ethernet
Network
Physical addressing
MAC address (Media Access Control)
Ethernet communication
– each interface has a MAC address
– each device may look at the data, but only the interface that
matches the destination MAC will respond
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The Ethernet Frame
Preamble – beginning of the timing
SFD (Start Frame Delimiter) – marks the end of the timing, but
beginning of the frame
Destination MAC
Source MAC
Length/Type
– Length – number of bytes of data
– Type –tells which protocol receives the data
–Encapsulation – packet of information
FCS (Frame Check Sequence) – checks for damaged frames
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The Hierarchical Design Structure
Smaller, more manageable groups allow traffic to
remain local on the networks
Divided into three layers
– Access Layer
• connection to the hosts
– Distribution Layer
• interconnects smaller networks
– Core Layer
• high speed connection between
distribution devices
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Logical Addressing
MAC vs. IP
IP Address (Logical Address)
– assigned based on where the host is located
– assigned by the administrator
Parts of an IP address
– Network – same for all hosts connected to the LAN
– Host – unique to each host on the network
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Access Layer Devices
Most basic level
Made up of:
– host devices
– first line of networking devices
– hub, switch, workstations
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Access Layer Device – A HUB
Accepts data signal from one port and sends it
(regenerates) out all ports
– multiport repeater
Collisions
– results in message being garbled and unreadable
– occur when two or more hosts send a message at the same
time (undesirable in a network)
NOT VERY SMART
– a hub will not recognize there is a collision and send it all
ports
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Hubs And Collision Domains
Collision domain – area where the collision has
occurred.
More collision domains = better performance
How many collision domains exist in the graphic
shown?
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Access Layer Device – A SWITCH
SMARTER THAN A HUB
dedicated bandwidth out each port
no need to share with other ports (unlike a hub)
Can forward messages to a specific host by looking in
its MAC table
If destination MAC is not in its MAC table, floods the network out
all ports looking for a response
Only the host with the correct MAC address will respond
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More Stuff on Switches
How does the MAC table get built?
– keeps track of frames being sent between hosts
– records the information when there is a response
Collision Domains
– each port on a switch is its own collision domain
– 8 port switch = 8 collision domains
Online Activity 3.4.3
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Broadcasts
If there is only one destination MAC in a message, how
can you contact everyone else?
– send a broadcast MAC
– hexidecimal digits
– [Link]
Useful when hosts need to send information but don’t
know what hosts are to receive it
Switches and hubs send the broadcast out to everyone
on their network. (Broadcast Domain)
ONLINE ACTIVITY 3.4.5
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ARP Request
Sent when the sending host knows the destination IP,
but not the MAC
Will discover the MAC address of any local host on the
network
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Distribution Layer Devices and
Communication Methods
Responsible for making sure local traffic stays local on the
network
Traffic destined for other networks will be passed on.
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Distribution Layer Devices—The Router
Routers – directs traffic based on the destination IP
address
Routers build routing tables; switches build MAC
tables
Routers decode packets, switches decode frames
Look only the network portion of the IP address
– finds the best path to take to get to the destination
Routers do not forward broadcasts!!!
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Default Gateway
Used when a host wants to send data to a host on a
different network.
Must be set on the workstation connected to the routing
device – the router interface connected to the PC
Activity 3.5.3
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Routing Tables and ARP tables
Used by routers to store information
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Types of Routing
Dynamic
– information is obtained from neighboring routers
Static
– manually entered by the network administrator
What happen to a message that is not in the routing table?
– It is dropped unless . . .
A default route is set
– “last resort” type of router
– will send it to the router it thinks may be have the destination IP
ONLINE ACTIVITY 3.5.4
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Distribution Layer Devices and
Communication Methods
LAN – Local Area Network
Under the same administrative control
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Distribution Layer Devices and
Communication Methods
Packet Tracer
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Plan, Implement and Verify a Local Network
Consider the following before beginning:
– Number and type of hosts
– Applications to be run on the network
– Data and devices to be shared
– Speed requirements (bandwidth)
– Level of security
– Reliability of the network
– Connectivity requirements
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Building the Network
Physical environment
– temperature control
– availability/placement of outlets
Physical configuration
– location of devices
– how are devices connected
– location/length of cable runs
– hardware configurations (hosts, servers)
Logical configuration
– size of broadcast & collision domains
– IP addressing scheme
–Naming
–Permissions
–Sharing
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Multifunction Devices
Integrated routers
– Linksys wireless router
– problem = single point of failure
Cisco Integrated Services Router (ISR)
– performs services of three different devices
• router
• switch
• wireless access point
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Implement and Document the Network
Develop a prototype
– tests network design
PACKET TRACER – ACTIVITY 3.6.2
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Sharing Resources
Main reason for networking – sharing resources
– File sharing
– Print sharing
Consider this before sharing:
– security issues
– permissions granted
Windows XP users
– use Simple File Sharing
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