SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science)
[Link] GEORGE
Head of the Department,
Department of Statistics,
St. Joseph’s College,
Trichy.
Introduction: What is SPSS?
Originally it is an acronym of Statistical Package for
the Social Science but now it stands for Statistical
Product and Service Solutions
One of the most popular statistical packages which
can perform highly complex data manipulation and
analysis with simple instructions
Opening SPSS
The default window will have the data editor
There are two sheets in the window:
1. Data view 2. Variable view
Scales of Measurement
•Nominal Scale - groups or classes
Gender
•Ordinal Scale - order matters
Ranks (top ten videos)
•Interval Scale - difference or distance matters – has
arbitrary zero value.
Temperatures (0F, 0C), Likert Scale
•Ratio Scale - Ratio matters – has a natural zero value.
Salaries
The basic analysis of SPSS that will be introduced
in this class
Frequencies
This analysis produces frequency tables showing
frequency counts and percentages of the values of
individual variables.
Descriptives
This analysisshows the maximum, minimum,
mean, and standard deviation of the variables
Linear regression analysis
Linear Regression estimates the coefficients of
the linear equation
Frequencies
Click ‘Analyze,’ ‘Descriptive statistics,’ then
click ‘Frequencies’
Descriptives
The options allows you to analyze other
descriptive statistics besides the mean and Std.
Click ‘variance’ and ‘kurtosis’
Finally click ‘Continue’
Click
Click
Descriptives
Finally Click OK in the Descriptives box. You
will be able to see the result of the analysis.
Graphs
Click ‘Graphs,’ ‘Legacy Dialogs,’ ‘Interactive,’
and ‘Scatter plot’ from the main menu.
Bar Chart
4.4
60
50 4.3
40
4.2
30
4.1
20
4.0
Mean EQ1
10
Percent
3.9
0
Missing Female Male
Missing Female Male
GENDER
GENDER
Pie Chart
Male Missing
EQ5
EQ1
Female EQ4
EQ2
EQ3
Line Chart
60 4.4
50
4.3
40
4.2
30
4.1
20
4.0
Mean EQ1
10
Percent
0 3.9
Missing Female Male Missing Female Male
GENDER GENDER
Histogram
Histogram
Really just a bar chart that displays “Num of Cases” only
Click “Display Normal Curve” to inspect if your distribution
deviates from normal
300
200
100
Std. Dev = .86
Mean = 4.3
0 N = 614.00
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
EQ1
Regression Analysis
Click ‘Analyze,’ ‘Regression,’ then
click ‘Linear’ from the main menu.
Regression Analysis
One-Sample t Test
Tests for difference between sample mean and pre-determined
population mean
Click “Analyze” “Compare Means” “One- Sample T
Test…”
“Test Value” = Predetermined population mean
Options:
Exclude Cases Listwise = If multiple variables used, only use
cases that have values on ALL variables
Exclude Cases Analysis by Analysis
One-Sample T Test
One-Sample Statistics
Std. Error
N Mean Std. Deviation Mean
EQ2 613 2.83 1.026 .041
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 0
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Mean Difference
t df Sig. (2-tailed) Difference Lower Upper
EQ2 68.368 612 .000 2.83 2.75 2.91
Independent-Samples t Test
Tests if two unrelated samples differ significantly from one another
Click “Analyze” “Compare Means” “Independent-Samples T
Test…”
“Test Variable(s)” = DV
“Grouping Variable” = IV
Click “Define Groups…”
[Link] – Male = 1; Female = 0
If IV dimensional, can use cut point to create groups – i.e. x > 7 =
Grp 1, x ≤ 7 = Grp 2
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
If significant, equal variances cannot be assumed
Independent-Samples t Test
Group Statistics
Std. Error
GENDER N Mean Std. Deviation Mean
EQ1 Female 326 4.30 .769 .043
Male 286 4.21 .962 .057
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Mean Std. Error Difference
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Difference Difference Lower Upper
EQ1 Equal variances
5.118 .024 1.203 610 .230 .08 .070 -.053 .222
assumed
Equal variances
1.185 543.961 .236 .08 .071 -.055 .224
not assumed
Paired-Samples t Test
Testsif two related samples differ significantly from one another
Click “Analyze” “Compare Means” “Paired-Samples T Test…”
Paired Samples Statistics
Std. Error
Mean N Std. Deviation Mean
Pair EQ1 4.26 613 .860 .035
1 EQ2 2.83 613 1.026 .041
Paired Samples Correlations
N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 EQ1 & EQ2 613 .016 .684
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Std. Error Difference
Mean Std. Deviation Mean Lower Upper t df Sig. (2-tailed)
Pair 1 EQ1 - EQ2 1.43 1.327 .054 1.32 1.53 26.657 612 .000
THANK YOU