CENTRIFUGAL
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
PUMP
20 October 2005
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Value Moment
Moment
20 October 2005
Value Moment
Definition
Pumps are machines which provide the energy
required to transfer liquids from one point to
another.
Due to the incompressibility of liquids, which
holds true for all practical purposes, all energy
imparted to a liquid by the pumping action
tends to put it in motion.
Classification
Centrifugal
Pump Reciprocating pump
Positive Displacement
Rotary pump
Pump pressurizes liquid by means of centrifugal force on its
impeller, and is widely used in industry.
Component
Component (con’t)
Two main component :
Rotating
- Impeller
- Shaft
Stationary
- Casing
- Suction and Discharge Nozzle
- Seal Chamber and Stuffing Box
- Bearing Housing
Working Mechanism
Working Mechanism
Its purpose is to convert energy of a prime
mover (electric motor or turbine) first into
velocity or kinetic energy and then into
pressure energy of a fluid that is being
pumped.
The energy changes occur by virtue of two
main parts of the pump, the impeller and the
volute or diffuser.
The impeller is the rotating part that converts
driver energy into the kinetic energy.
The volute or diffuser is the stationary part that
converts the kinetic energy into pressure
energy.
Codes and Standards
API 610, “Centrifugal Pump for Petroleum, Heavy
Duty Chemical and Gas Industries Services”
API 682, “Shaft Sealing System for Centrifugal and
Rotary Pump”
What is Important ?
Capacity
Head
NPSH
Power
- BHP (Break Horse Power)
- BEP (Best Efficiency Point)
Specific Speed
Performance Curve
Capacity vs pressure variation graph for a
particular pump
The supplier try to match the system curve
supplied by the user with a pump curve that
satisfies these needs as closely as possible.
A pumping system operates where the pump
curve and the system resistance curve
intersect. The intersection of the two curves
defines the operating point of both pump and
process.
Performance Curve (con’t)
Project
Specification
Datasheet
TBE
Brochure
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20 October 2005
Impeller
The impeller is the main rotating part that provides
the centrifugal acceleration to the fluid.
Classification :
Based on major direction of flow in reference to
the axis of rotation :
Radial flow ; Axial flow ; Mixed flow
Based on suction type :
Single suction ; Double suction
Based on mechanical construction :
Closed ; Open ; Semi-open or vortex type
Impeller (con’t)
The number of impellers determines the number
of stages of the pump.
A single stage pump has one impeller only and
is the best for low head services.
A two-stage pump has two impellers in series
for medium head service.
A multi-stage pump has three or more impellers
in series for high head service.
Shaft
The basic purpose is to transmit the torques
encountered when starting and during operation
while supporting the impeller and other rotating
parts
Coupling
Coupling can compensate for axial growth of the shaft and transmit
torque to the impeller
Shaft sleeve
Pump shafts are usually protected from erosion, corrosion, and
wear at the seal chambers, leakage joints, internal bearings, and in
the waterways by renewable sleeves.
One of the main purpose of a volute casing is to help balance the
hydraulic pressure on the shaft of the pump.
Casing
The impellers are fitted inside the casings.
Two type of casings :
Volute
Circular
Split casing implies two or more parts are fastened together.
Casing wear rings act as the seal between the casing and the
impeller.
Volute casing build a higher head ; circular casings are used for low
head and high capacity.
Conventionally, the diffusers are applied to multi-stage pumps.
The casings can be designed either as solid casings or split casings.
Suction and Discharge Nozzle
The suction and discharge nozzles are part of the
casings itself.
Configurations :
Side suction/top discharge
Top suction/top discharge
Side suction/side discharge
Suction nozzle is located at the end of, and concentric to, the shaft
while the discharge nozzle is located at the top of the case
perpendicular to the shaft
This pump is always of an overhung type .
The suction and discharge nozzles are located at the top of the
case perpendicular to the shaft.
Seal Chamber and Stuffing Box
Gland is a very important part of the seal chamber or the stuffing
box. It gives the packings or the mechanical seal the desired fit on
the shaft sleeve. It can be easily adjusted in axial direction.
The gland comprises of the seal flush, quench, cooling, drain, and
vent connection ports as per API 682.
The primary function is protecting the pump against leakage at the
point where the shaft passes out through the pump pressure casing
Bearing Housing
The bearing housing encloses the bearings
mounted on the shaft.
The bearings keep the shaft or rotor in correct
alignment with the stationary parts under the
action of radial and transverse loads.
The bearing house also includes an oil
reservoir for lubrication, constant level oiler,
jacket for cooling by circulating cooling water.
Capacity
The flow rate which liquid is moved or pushed
by the pump to the desired point in the
process.
The capacity usually changes with the changes
in operation of the process.
Unit : - GPM (gallons per minute)
- m3/h (cubic meters per hour)
Head
A measurement of the height of a liquid
column that the pump could create from the
kinetic energy imparted to the liquid.
NPSH
The total head at the suction flange of the pump
less the vapour pressure converted to fluid
column height of the liquid.
Net Positive Suction Head Required, NPSHr
Net Positive Suction Head Available, NPSHa
The positive head in feet absolute required at the pump suction
to overcome pressure drops due to shock and turbulence as the
liquid strikes the impeller in the pump and maintain the majority
of the liquid above its vapour pressure.
A function of the pump design and is determined based on actual
pump test by vendor.
A function of the system in which the pump operates.
It is the excess pressure of the liquid in feet absolute over its
Cavitation
A term used to describe the phenomenon which
occurs in a pump when there is insufficient
NPSH Available.
The pressure of the liquid is reduced to a value
equal to or below its vapor pressure and small
vapor bubbles or pockets begin to form. As
these vapor bubbles move along the impeller
vanes to a higher pressure area, they rapidly
collapse.
Results in impeller damaged, reduced capacity
due to vapor present in the pump.
Power and Efficiency
Brake Horse Power, BHP
Best Efficiency Point, BEP
BHP or
thepump
The work
BEP, input,
capacity
performedat the actual
pumphorsepower
maximum
by a impeller delivered
is a function
diameter
of the to the
at total
which pump
head
the and
shaft.
the weightisofhighest.
efficiency the liquid pumped in a given time period.
Specific Speed
Non-dimensional design index that identifies
the geometric similarity of pumps.
Used to classify pump impellers as to their type
and proportions.
Mechanical Seal
A device used to prevent shaft leakage by
means of two sealing surfaces, one stationary
and the other rotating in close contact with it.
API 682, “Shaft Sealing System for Centrifugal
and Rotary Pump”
Summary
