PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Chapter 4

Applications of First-Order
Ordinary Differential Equations
Instructor
ENGR. GEOFFREY L. ABULENCIA
Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

Orthogonal comes from the Latin word orthos (right) and gonia (angles) therefore the orthogonal
trajectory of an equation is the path or the trace of equation that is at right angle to a given equation.

Examples of Orthogonal Trajectory Relationships

1. Electromagnetics: the electric field is in orthogonal trajectory with the magnetic field
2. Hydrodynamics: the streamline is in orthogonal trajectory with the lines of constant velocity
3. Thermodynamics: the isothermal curve is in orthogonal trajectory with the heat flow in a body

Steps on solving Orthogonal Trajectory

1. Differentiate the given equation and solve for y’(dy/dx). Elimination of arbitrary constant is part
of this step
2. Equate y’(dy/dx) to –dx/dy
3. Solve for the differential equation that resulted from the previous operation.
Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

Problem 1
Find the orthogonal trajectory of the line

Solution
a. Differentiate the equation

𝑦 ′ − 4=0
∫ 𝑑𝑥+4∫ 𝑑𝑦=0
b. Set dy/dx be equal to –dx/dy
𝒙+𝟒 𝒚 =𝑪

𝑑𝑥
− − 4=0
𝑑𝑦
c. Solve the differential equation

− 𝑑𝑥 − 4 𝑑𝑦 =0
Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

Problem 2
Find the orthogonal trajectory of the curve .

Solution
a. Differentiate the equation c. Solve the differential equation
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2 𝑦 𝑦 ′ =𝑥 2(3)+(3 𝑥+1)(2 𝑥)
2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 +2 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 9 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 =0
b. Set dy/dx be equal to –dx/dy
2 ( 𝑦𝑑𝑥 +𝑥𝑑𝑦 ) +9 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 =0
2𝑦 −( 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 )
=𝑥 2(3)+(3 𝑥+ 1)(2 𝑥) 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡h 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 2 ( 𝑥𝑦 ) 2
𝑑 (𝑥𝑦 ) 9
+ 𝑑𝑦 =0
−2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 =( 3 𝑥 2+6 𝑥 2+2 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 ( 𝑥𝑦 ) 2 2 𝑦 2

2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + ( 9 𝑥 2+2 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 =0 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔

−1 −9 𝟏 𝟗
+ =𝐶 + =𝑪
𝑥𝑦 2 𝑦 𝒙𝒚 𝟐 𝒚
Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

The rate of change to the population is directly proportional to the present amount.

𝒅𝑷
=± 𝒌𝑷 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡h 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑦
𝒅𝒕
The differential equation is separable. At t = 0, P = Po
𝑑𝑃
∫ 𝑃 =±∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑡
± 𝑘 (0 )
𝑃 𝑜= 𝐶𝑒
𝐶 = 𝑃 𝑜(2 )
Taking the integral of both sides
Substituting (2) to (1)
𝑙𝑛𝑃 =± 𝑘𝑡 +𝑙𝑛𝐶
𝑷 = 𝑷 𝒐 𝒆 ± 𝒌𝒕
𝑙𝑛 ( 𝐶𝑃 )=± 𝑘𝑡 Where P = amount at any time (t)
Po = present amount
Taking the exponential of both sides t = time
k = proportionality constant
𝑃 = 𝐶𝑒 ± 𝑘𝑡 (1)
Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

Problem 1
Radioactive-iodine disintegrates at rate proportional to the amount present. Initially, there are 1000 mg of the substance
injected to a patient. After 24 hours, it has been observed that there are only 10 mg present in the patient’s body.
How long (in hours) will it take for the substance to become 1mg?

Solution
Given: Po = 1000mg Hence the working equation at anytime (t) for the population becomes

At t = 24 hrs, P24 = 10 mg 𝑃=1 000 𝑒 −0.192 𝑡

The time it takes for the population to become 1mg can be solved as
Using the decay equation

𝑃=𝑃𝑜 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 1=1 000 𝑒 −0.192 𝑡

𝒕 =𝟑𝟔 𝒉𝒓𝒔
Substituting the given to the decay equation
10=1 000 𝑒− 𝑘(24)
𝑘= 0.192
Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

Problem 2
A culture of bacteria grows at a rate proportional to the amount present. If it is observed to have 10 4 bacteria at the
end of 3rd hour and 4x104 at the end of the 5th hour, how many were there at the start?

Solution
Given: At t = 3, P3 = 104 Equating equations (1) and (2) Using equation 1 to solve for Po

At t = 5, P5 = 4x104 10 4 4 𝑥 10 4 10 4
3𝑘
= 5𝑘
𝑃 𝑜= 𝑙𝑛 4
𝑒 𝑒 3( )
Using the growth equation 𝑒 2
So solve for k
𝑃 = 𝑃 𝑜 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑒5 𝑘 4 𝑥 104 𝑷 𝒐=𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒃𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂
Substituting the 1 and 2
st nd
given conditions
=
𝑒
3𝑘
104
10 4= 𝑃 𝑜 𝑒
𝑘( 3)
4 𝑥 104 =𝑃 𝑜𝑒 𝑘 (5)
10 4 4 𝑥 10 4
𝑃 𝑜= 3 𝑘 (1)
𝑃 𝑜= 5𝑘 (2)
𝑒 𝑒
Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

Problem 3
A non-resolved case of epidemic will have a continuous growth of statistics on the present amount. If a number of COVID
patient have been left untreated for 1 day, the number of patients will double. How long will it take for the number of
to triple?

Solution The time it takes for the number to triple can be solved as
Given: P o = Po (𝑙𝑛 2)(𝑡)
3 𝑃 𝑜=𝑃 𝑜𝑒
At t = 1, P1 = 2Po
Using the growth equation 𝑙𝑛 3= ( 𝑙𝑛 2 ) 𝑡
𝑃 = 𝑃 𝑜 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝒕 =𝟏 .𝟓𝟖 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔
Substituting the given
𝑘( 1)
2 𝑃 𝑜=𝑃 𝑜 𝑒
𝑘=𝑙𝑛 2
Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice
Newton’s Law of Cooling states that the rate of change of temperature is directly proportional to the
difference in temperature of the body and the surrounding medium.
𝒅𝑻
=− 𝒌(𝑻 −𝑻 𝒂 )
𝒅𝒕
The differential equation is separable. At t = 0, T = To
−𝑘(0)
𝑇 𝑜 −𝑇 𝑎=𝐶 𝑒
𝑑𝑇
∫ 𝑇 −𝑇 =∫ −𝑘𝑑𝑡 𝐶=𝑇 𝑜 −𝑇 𝑎 (2 )
𝑎
Taking the integral of both sides Substituting (2) to (1)
ln ( 𝑇 − 𝑇 𝑎 ) =−𝑘𝑡 + 𝑙𝑛𝐶 𝑻 =𝑻 𝒂 +(𝑻 𝒐− 𝑻 𝒂 ) 𝒆− 𝒌𝒕
𝑇 −𝑇 𝑎
ln =−𝑘𝑡 Where T = temperature at any time (t)
𝐶 Ta = ambient temperature
Taking the exponential of both sides To = initial temperature
t = time
𝑇 − 𝑇 𝑎= 𝐶 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 (1) k = proportionality constant
Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

Problem 1
A thermometer that reads 25oC inside a cave is placed outside, where the air temperature is 30oC. Five minutes later,
the thermometer reading is 27oC. Find the temperature reading at any time t. What is the temperature after 7 minutes

Solution
Given: To = 25oC 3 −5 𝑘 At t = 7 mins, temperature is
=𝑒
5
Ta = 30oC 𝑇 7=30 − 5 𝑒− 0.1022(7 )
At t = 5 mins, T5 = 27oC

𝑇 =𝑇 𝑎 +(𝑇 𝑜− 𝑇 𝑎 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑙𝑛 ()
3
5
=−5 𝑘 𝑻 𝟕=𝟐𝟕.𝟓𝟔𝒐 𝑪

𝑘=0.1022
Substituting the given to find k
The temperature reading at any time (t)
27=30 +(25 −30) 𝑒− 𝑘(5)
27 − 30 ¿− 5 𝑒
− 𝑘(5) 𝑻 =𝟑𝟎 − 𝟓 𝒆−𝟎 . 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝒕 𝒐 𝑪
− 𝑘(5)
−3 ¿ −5 𝑒
Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

Problem 2
A metal bar at a temperature of 100oF is placed in a freezer at a constant temperature of 0oF. If after 20 minutes the
temperature of the bar is 50oF, find an expression for the temperature at any time and the time for the bar to have a
temperature of 25oF.

Solution
50 −20 𝑘 To reach a temperature of 25oF,
Given: To = 100oF =𝑒 the time needed is
100
Ta = 0oF
25
At t = 20 mins, T20 = 50oF 𝑘=0.0347
25
𝑇 =𝑇 𝑎 +(𝑇 𝑜− 𝑇 𝑎 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 =𝑒 −0.0347(𝑡 )
The temperature reading at any time (t) 100
Substituting the given to find k
50=0 +(100 − 0)𝑒 − 𝑘(20) 𝑻 =𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒆− 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟕 𝒕 𝒐 𝑭 𝒕=𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔
− 𝑘( 20)
50 ¿ 100 𝑒
Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

Problem 3
A body at an unknown temperature is placed in a room which is held at a constant temperature of 30 oF. If after 10
minutes, the temperature of the body is 0oF and after 20 minutes from placing in the room, the temperature of the
body is 15oF, find an expression for the temperature at any time t. Find the initial temperature of the body.

Solution
Given: Ta = 30oF For the 2nd condition
At t = 10 mins, T10 = 0oF
𝑇 =𝑇𝑎 +( 𝑇 𝑜− 𝑇𝑎)𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝑘=0.0693
At t = 20 mins, T20 = 15oF
15=30 +(𝑇 𝑜 −30) 𝑒 −20 𝑘 Using equation (1), To is
For the 1st condition
−𝑘𝑡 −15 𝑒 20𝑘
=𝑇 𝑜− 30 𝑇 𝑜=30 −30 𝑒 10(0.0693)
𝑇 =𝑇 𝑎 +(𝑇 𝑜 − 𝑇 𝑎 )𝑒
−10 𝑘 𝑇 𝑜=3 0 −15 𝑒 2 0 𝑘 (2) 𝑻 𝒐=− 𝟑𝟎𝒐 𝑭
0=30 +(𝑇 𝑜 − 30)𝑒
The temperature reading at any time (t)
−30 𝑒 10 𝑘=𝑇 𝑜−30 Equating (1) and (2)

𝑇 𝑜=3 0 −30 𝑒 10 𝑘 (1) 𝑻 =𝟑𝟎 − 𝟔𝟎 𝒆− 𝟎 .𝟎𝟔𝟗𝟑 𝒕 𝒐 𝑭

Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒=𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑟 𝑖𝑛
Taking the derivative with respect to time

𝒅𝑺 𝒅𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒅𝑺𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈
= −
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑉𝑜
𝑆𝑜
𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡
Where sin = amount of salt entering
rin = rate of flow entering
sout = amount of salt leaving
rout = rate of flow leaving
 Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

Problem 1
A tank initially contains 200 gallons of water. A 2lb of salt per gallon of brine solution flows into the tank at the rate of
2 gallons per minute. The well-stirred mixture leaves at 2 gallons per minute. How long will it take for the quantity
of salt in the tank to increase from 10 to 20 lbs?
𝑠 𝑖𝑛=2𝑙𝑏 /𝑔𝑎𝑙
Solution
𝑟 𝑖𝑛=2 𝑔𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑆 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑆 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆
= − (1) 𝑏 𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (5)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝑜 +𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡 − 𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑆 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑤 h𝑒𝑟𝑒 =𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑟 𝑖𝑛 =4 𝑙𝑏/𝑚𝑖𝑛
(2 ) Substituting (5) to (4)
𝑑𝑡
𝑉 𝑜=200 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑆 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑆 2𝑆
=𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡 =2 𝑠(3)
𝑜𝑢𝑡 =4 −
𝑆 𝑜=0 𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 200+2 𝑡 − 2 𝑡
Substituting (2) and (3) to (1) 𝑑𝑆 2𝑆
=4 −
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑡 200
(4 )
=4 − 2 𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑆 𝑆
𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡=? =4 −
𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡=2 𝑔𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡 100
 Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

𝑑𝑆 𝑆 𝑡 𝑡
=4 − 𝑒 100
𝑆= 400 𝑒 100
+𝐶 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡 20
𝑑𝑡 100 𝑡
−
𝑡 20
100
−
100 20 = 400 − 400 𝑒
𝑆 = 400 +𝐶 𝑒
Using Linear Equation 𝑡 20=5.129 𝑚𝑖𝑛
when t = 0, S = So= 0
𝑑𝑆 𝑆
𝑑𝑡
+
100
=4 −
0
100
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡 10 𝑡 10
0 = 400 +𝐶 𝑒 −
100
1 10=400 − 400 𝑒
𝑃 ( 𝑡 )= ;𝑄 ( 𝑡 ) = 4 𝐶 = − 400 𝑡 10=2.532𝑚𝑖𝑛
100
The amount of salt at any time t is
∫ 1
100
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 =5.129 − 2.532
𝑣= 𝑒 −
𝑡
𝑡
100
𝑆= 400 − 400 𝑒 100
𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝒕=𝟐 .𝟓𝟗𝟕𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑣= 𝑒
𝑡 𝑡 The time to increase the amount of salt from 10lbs to 20lbs is
𝑒 100
𝑆=∫ 4 𝑒 100
𝑑𝑡 +𝐶 𝑡 =𝑡 20 − 𝑡 10
 Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

Problem 2
A tank is initially filled with 20 gallons of brine in which is dissolved 3 lbs of salt. Brine containing 3 lbs of salt per gallon
enters at 2 gallons per minute. The well-stirred mixture leaves at 1 gallon per minute. Find the amount of salt in the tank
at any time t. What is the amount of salt in the tank after 10 minutes.
𝑠 𝑖𝑛=3 𝑙𝑏/𝑔𝑎𝑙
Solution
𝑟 𝑖𝑛=2 𝑔𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑆 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑆 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆
= − (1) 𝑏 𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (5)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝑜 +𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡 − 𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑆 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑤 h𝑒𝑟𝑒 =𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑟 𝑖𝑛 =6 𝑙𝑏 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
(2 ) Substituting (5) to (4)
𝑑𝑡
𝑉 𝑜=20 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑆 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑆 𝑆
=𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝑠(3)
𝑜𝑢𝑡 =6 −
𝑆 𝑜= 3 𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 20 +2 𝑡 − 𝑡
Substituting (2) and (3) to (1) 𝑑𝑆 𝑆
=6 −
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑡 20 +𝑡
(4 )
=6 − 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑆 6 𝑡 +120 − 𝑆
𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡=? =
𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡=1 𝑔𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡 𝑡 +20
 Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

( 𝑡+20 ) 𝑑𝑆+ ( 𝑆− 6 𝑡 −120 ) 𝑑𝑡=0 when t = 0, S = So = 3

Checking for exactness: 3 (0 )2 +120 ( 0 )+𝐶

3=
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 0 + 20
=1 ; =1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑆 𝐶 = 60
The equation is exact. The amount of salt at any time t is

∫ 𝑀 (𝑆 ,𝑡) 𝑑𝑆+∫ 𝑁 (𝑤𝑖𝑡h𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠) 𝑑𝑡=𝐶 𝑺=

𝟑 𝒕 𝟐+𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒕+𝟔𝟎
𝒕+ 𝟐𝟎
𝒍𝒃𝒔

∫ ( 𝑡+20) 𝑑𝑆+∫ (−6𝑡−120 ) 𝑑𝑡=𝐶

2
( 𝑡 +20 ) 𝑆 − 3 𝑡 − 120 𝑡 =𝐶
After 10 minutes, the amount of salt in the tank is
3 (10 )2 +120 (10 )+60
𝑆 10 =
10 +20
3 𝑡 2 + 120 𝑡 +𝐶
𝑆=
𝑡 + 20 𝑺 𝟏𝟎=𝟓𝟐𝒍𝒃𝒔
Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

If a hole is present at a solid container, the tendency is that the fluid it contains will flow out of the container and this
flow is guided by gravitational force. If you have observed, the liquid flows faster if the height of the present liquid is
higher, than when it is about to lose all its content. To analyze this situation, it is better to use the orifice application of
the differential equation.

Let us have ‘A’ as the cross sectional area of the The velocity of flow follows the acceleration due to gravity, hence
orifice and ‘v’ as the linear velocity of liquid going
𝑣 𝑓 2=𝑣𝑖 2+2 𝑔𝑠
out of the orifice. We can have the volumetric flow
rate equal to Since it starts from rests, the initial velocity is zero. Solve for v f

𝑣 𝑓 =√ 2𝑔𝑠
𝑑𝑉 Where s is the height (h) of the water, and the equation becomes
=− 𝐴𝑣
𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝑽
=− 𝑨 √ 𝟐 𝒈𝒉
𝒅𝒕
Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

Problem 1
Find the time required for a cylindrical tank of radius 8 ft and height 10 ft to empty water through a round hole of
radius 1 inch at the bottom of the tank. Assuming the cylindrical tank is initially full. Use g=32 ft/s 2

𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟
=− 𝐴 √ 2 𝑔h (1) Hence =0 . The radius is fixed at 8 ft and
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
The volume of cylinder is the equation becomes

𝑉 =𝜋 𝑟 2 h 𝑑𝑉 𝑑h (2 )
=𝜋 (8)2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Evaluating dV/dt

[ ]
𝑑𝑉 Substituting (2) to (1)
2 𝑑h 𝑑𝑟
=𝜋 𝑟 + 2 𝑟h
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑h
𝜋 (8)2 =− 𝐴 √ 2 𝑔h (3)
But the radius does not vary as to 𝑑𝑡
the height when the water is being
discharged.
Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

The area of the orifice (A) is At t = 0, the tank is full. Hence, h=10 ft
1
( )
2
1 2 √ 10=− (0)+𝐶
𝐴=𝜋 (4 ) 1152
12
𝐶=2 √10
Using g=32 ft/s2 and substituting (4) to (3)
The height of the water in the tank at any time t is

( ) √(2)(32)h
2
𝑑h 1
( )
2
𝜋 (8)2 =− 𝜋 1
𝑑𝑡 12 h= − 𝑡 + √10 𝑓𝑡
2304
Simplifying and rearranging
The time it takes for the tank to be emptied (h=0) is
𝑑h 1
( )
2
=− 𝑑𝑡 1
√h 1152 0= − 𝑡 + √ 10
2304
Integrating
1
2 √ h=− 𝑡 +𝐶
1152
Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

Problem 2
A cylindrical pail of water has a hole at the bottom with a surface area of 0.5cm 2. If the pail with a diameter of 20 cm and
a height of 50 cm is half-filled at t=0, find the depth of water at t=1s.

𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟
=− 𝐴 √ 2 𝑔h (1) Hence =0 . Since the diameter is 20 cm,
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
The volume of cylinder is the radius is 10 cm and the equation becomes

𝑉 =𝜋 𝑟 2 h 𝑑𝑉 𝑑h
=𝜋 (10)2 (2 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Evaluating dV/dt

[ ]
𝑑𝑉 Substituting (2) to (1)
2 𝑑h 𝑑𝑟
=𝜋 𝑟 + 2 𝑟h
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑h
𝜋 (10) 2 =− 𝐴 √2 𝑔h (3)
But the radius does not vary as to 𝑑𝑡
the height when the water is being
discharged.
Applications of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 4
Orthogonal Trajectories Growth and Decay Newton’s Law of Cooling
Mixture Flow Orifice

The area of the orifice (A) is At t = 0, the tank is half full. Hence, h=25 cm

2 √ 25=−0.0705 (0)+ 𝐶
𝐴=0.5 𝑐𝑚2 (4 )
𝐶=10
Using g=980 cm/s2 and substituting (4) to (3)
The height of the water in the tank at any time t is
𝑑h
𝜋 (10) 2
𝑑𝑡
=−( 0.5) √ ( 2)(980) h
h= ( 2 )
− 0.0705𝑡 +10 2
𝑐𝑚

Simplifying and rearranging

The depth of water in the tank after 1 sec is
𝑑h 0.5
( )
2
=− √1960 𝑑𝑡 − 0.0705(1)+10
√h 100 𝜋 h=
2
Integrating
𝒉=𝟐𝟒 .𝟔𝟓 𝒄𝒎
2 √ h=−0.0705 𝑡+ 𝐶