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130670106060
Deflections
Deflection- Displacement &
Rotation
 Deflections maybe due to loads, temperature,
fabrication errors or settlement
 Linear elastic behavior: linear stress-strain relationship
and small deflection
 Need to:
 Plot qualitative deflection shapes before/after the analysis
 Calculate deflections at any location of a structure
Deflection Diagrams/Shapes

M
 curvature
EI
+M
tensile side -M

tensile side
 Example 8.1
Draw the deflected shape of each of the beams.
Need to show 1st order (slope) and 2nd order (curvature) information

tensile side

tensile side
Inflection point

Straight line
(why?) Straight line
(why?)
 Example 8.2
 

All members are

axially inextensible!

M=0 M≠0
No curvature
Calculation of Deflections
 Direct integration
 Moment-area method
 Conjugate-beam method
 Energy methods (in Chapter 9)
Calculation of Deflections
 Note: Superposition can be used for linear
structures

y( x )
 y1( x )  y2 ( x )

=
y1( x )

y2 ( x )
 Direct Integration
+ disp

Bernoulli-Euler beam
d2y M dθ M
2
 
dx EI dx EI
M M
y   dx dx θ dx
EI EI
apply boundary conditions
 Example 8.3
The cantilevered beam is subjected to a couple moment Mo at its end.
Determine the eqn of the elastic curve. EI is constant.

d 2v
EI 2  M o
dx
at x = 0 Mox M o x2
dv dv/dx = 0 & v = 0  ; v
EI  M o x  C1
C1 = C2 =0. EI 2 EI
dx
Mox 2
MoL M o L2
EI v 
2
 C1 x  C2 Max A  ; vA 
EI 2 EI
Direct Integration
5 kN/m
3 kN/m

0 A F
B C D E
20m 20m 50m 20m 20m
50 kN 241 149 30
91 90
50
V -30
M -59
y dx dx
-150  EI
M
M1 M3
M2
+ _ +

y
Moment-Area Theorems

d2y M dθ M
 
dx 2
EI dx EI

M 
d   dx
 EI 

BM A B
B   A  A dx
EI
B / A +
1 moment-area theorem
st
Moment-Area Theorems
 2nd moment-area theorem dθ M

dx EI

d

Horizontal dis btw A & centroid of M/EIA-B M

dt  x d  x dx
EI
B M BM
tA/ B  x dx  x  dx
A EI A EI

M/EI area btw A & B

Moment-Area Theorems

M M
t A / B  AB x dx  x AB dx
EI EI
M M
t B / A  BA x dx  x ' BA dx
EI EI

x'
Moment-Area Theorems
1st moment-area theorem 2nd moment-area theorem

+
M B
BM
B/ A   dx tA/ B  x A dx
A EI EI
 Example 8.5
Determine the slope at points B & C of the beam. Take E = 200GPa, I = 360(10 6)mm4

B M
B/ A  dx
A EI
B  B / A; C  C / A
B  B / A
 50kNm  1  100kNm 50kNm 
  (5m)    (5m)
 EI  2  EI EI 
375kNm 2
  0.00521 rad
EI

C  C / A  0.00694rad
Conjugate-Beam Method
 Mathematical analogy

M
-slope-deflection Load-shear-moment
EI

dθ M dV
 w
dx EI dx

dy dM
θ V
dx dx

d2y M d 2M
2
 2
w
dx EI dx
 Conjugate-Beam Method
 Mathematical equivalence
M
-slope-deflection Load-shear-moment
EI

M w
EI

θ V

y M

Actual beam Conjugate beam

Conjugate-Beam Method

Actual beam Conjugate beam

θ0
y0
θ0
y0
P V 0
M 0
V 0
M 0
?
PL PL PL  x 
 1 
EI  L 
EI EI
M w
EI PL  x2 
P EI 
x
2 L 

θ V
PL  x 2 x 3 

EI  2 6 L 
y M
 Conjugate-Beam Method

 or
Conjugate-Beam Method

Conjugate beams are mathematical/imaginative beams

No need to worry about their stability
Just use EQ concept to obtain V and M from w
 Example 8.5
Determine the max deflection of the steel beam. The reactions have been computed.
Take E = 200GPa, I = 60(106)mm4

Max disp

Max M
 Solution
Conjugate beam: Max Moment dM
Note: V  0
dx
when M  M max

45 1  2 x 
   x  0
EI 2  EI 
x  6.71m (0  x  9m) OK

2 45  1  2(6.71)  1
x (6.71)     6 . 71 (6.71)  M '  0
EI EI  2  EI  3

201.2kNm 3
 max  M ' 
EI
 201.2kNm 3

6.71 [200(106 )kN / m 2 ][60(10 6 )mm 4 (1m 4 /(103 ) 4 mm 4 )]
 0.0168m  16.8mm
 Conjugate-Beam
5 kN/m
3 kN/m
A F
B C D E
20m 20m 50m 20m 20m
M
M
EI

Conjugate
beam
F
B C D M E
V =y
=
Summary
 Can you plot a qualitative deflection shape for a
structure under loads (need to show 1st & 2nd order
information)?
 Can you calculate structural deformation
(displacement & rotation) using
 Direct integration?
 Moment-area principle?
 Conjugate-beam method?