Geomorphic
Processes
Endo-genetic
Processes
Endo-Genetic Geomorphic Process
“The physical or chemical processes which
cause the changes that effect the modification of earth’s surgical
form.”
Endo-genetic process are also called Tectonic processes and
the forces act from the inside of the Earth. They occur
suddenly and cause the uplift and subsidence of the Earth's
crust.
• It works inside the Earth.
• Endo-genic process builds up the earth.
• It is also called building forces.
Earth’s Crust
Volcanism
• A volcano is an opening in the earth's crust
through which magma, ash and gas erupt.
Volcanoes can be different shapes
although they are commonly cone shaped.
• On Earth, volcanism occurs in several distinct
geologic settings. Most of these are associated
with the boundaries of the enormous
rigid plates that make up the lithosphere—the
crust and upper mantle.
Volcanism
Land Sliding
• landslide, also called landslip, the movement
down slope of a mass of rock debris, earth,
or soil (soil being a mixture of earth and
debris). Landslides occur when gravitational
and other types of shear stresses within
a slope exceed the shear strength (resistance
to shearing) of the materials that form the
slope.
Causes of Land Sliding
Over steepening of the base of the slope.
Natural erosion or excavation.
Loading of slope.
Inflow of water.
Rise in land water table.
Accumulation of debris on the slope’s surface.
Stress applied from the surface of land.
Land Sliding
Earthquake
Earthquake, any sudden shaking of the
ground caused by the passage of seismic
waves through Earth’s rocks. Seismic waves
are produced when some form of energy
stored in Earth’s crust is suddenly released,
usually when masses of rock straining against
one another suddenly fracture and slip.
Earthquake
Earthquakes occur most often along
geologic faults, narrow zones where rock
masses move in relation to one another. The
major fault lines of the world are located at
the fringes of the huge tectonic plates that
make up Earth’s crust.
Earthquake
Faulting
Definition
“ A crack in the earth's crust resulting from the
displacement of one side with respect to the other.”
Fault, in geology, a planar or gentle curved
fracture in the rocks of Earth’s crust, where
compression or tensional forces cause relative
displacement of the rocks on the opposite sides of
the fracture. Faults range in length from a few
centimeters to many hundreds of kilometers.
Faulting
• Faults may be vertical, horizontal, or inclined
at any angle.
• When rocks slip past each other in faulting,
the upper or overlying block along the fault
plane is called the hanging wall, or headwall
while the block below is called the footwall.
Faulting
Folding
Definition
“Folding is a type of earth movement resulting
from the horizontal compression of rock layers
by internal forces of the earth along plate
boundaries.”
Fold mountains are created where two of Earth’s
tectonic plates are pushed together.
Folding
Folding is a result of compression forces. Compression
forces such as along convergent boundaries squeeze the
crust resulting in bended or folded strata and landscape.
Some major mountain belts are formed by folding.
Folds form under varied conditions of stress, hydrostatic
pressure, pore pressure, and temperature gradient, as
evidenced by their presence in soft sediments, the full
spectrum of metamorphic rocks, and even as primary
flow structures in some igneous rocks.
Folding
Diastrophism
Diastrophism, also called tectonism, large-
scale deformation of Earth’s crust by natural
processes, which leads to the formation of
continents and ocean basins, mountain
systems, plateaus, rift valleys, and other
features by mechanisms such
as lithospheric plate movement (that is, plate
tectonics), volcanic loading, or folding.
Diastrophism
Diastrophism varying responses of the crust to
tectonic stresses include linear or torsional
horizontal movements, and
vertical subsidence and uplift of the lithosphere
in response to natural stresses on Earth’s
surface such as the weight of mountains, lakes,
and glaciers.
Diastrophism
Subsurface conditions also cause subsidence
or uplift, known as epeirogeny, over large
areas of Earth’s surface without deforming
rock strata. Such changes include the
thickening of the lithosphere by overthrusting,
changes in rock density of the lithosphere
caused by metamorphism or thermal
expansion and contraction, increases in the
volume of the asthenosphere.
Types of Diastrophism
There are many types of diastrophism :
• OROGENIC
The word “oro” means “Mountain” and
“genic” mean “Birth”.
• EPEIROGENIC
The word “epeiro” means “land” and genic
mean “birth”
Diastrophism
Metamorphism
Definition
“Metamorphism is the process by which rocks
are changed in composition, texture, or
structure by extreme heat and pressure.”
Metamorphism
The change occurs primarily due to heat,
pressure, and the introduction of chemically
active fluids. The chemical components and
crystal structures of the minerals making up
the rock may change even though the rock
remains a solid. Metamorphism typically
occurs between diagenesis (max. 200°C), and
melting (~850°C).
Metamorphism