Exponents
Saw Wati Hnin (Victoria)
Aung Khant Moe(Daniel)
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Table of contents
Glossary
01 Percentage change, exponential
04 Exponential
Definition, formulas +
functions
growth/decay transformations
02 Exponential
+properties
graphs 05 Brief timeline
+transformations Brief history + top 3 uses of
exponents
03 Exponential vs other 06 Real-life examples
graphs Bacterium growth+
Spread of COVID
Differences + Properties
Q: What is an
Exponent?
An exponent is a constant
raised to the power of the
argument, especially where
the constant is e.
Eg: 2 x
01
Glossary
(terminology)
Glossary
● Percent change refers to a change based on a
percent of the original amount.
● Exponential growth refers to a percent increase of
the original amount over time.
● Exponential decay refers to a percent decrease of
the original amount over time.
02
Exponential
Graphs
+Properties
Growth v.s decay
If the value of the exponent is
Positive exponential growth
(left to right concave up)
If the value of the exponent is
Negative exponential decay
(right to left concave up)
Basic exponential Basic exponential
growth decay
Domain (-∞, ∞) (-∞, ∞)
Range (0, ∞) (0, ∞)
Asymptote y=0 y=0
Intercepts (0, 1) (0, 1)
End behavior x -∞, y 0 x -∞, y ∞
x ∞, y ∞ x ∞, y 0
Intervals of inc/dec Inc (-∞, ∞) Dec (-∞, ∞)
Reflections of Exponential Graphs
Change in signs in front of x =
reflection in y-axis
Change in signs in front of y=
reflection in x-axis
Changing into the opposite signs in
front of x and y= reflection in y=x or
y=-x
• 2x → 2-x (reflection in y-axis)
• 2x → -2x (reflection in x-axis)
• 2-x → -2-x (reflection in x-axis)
• -2-x → -2x (reflection in y-axis)
• 2x → -2-x (reflection in y = x)
• 2-x → -2x (reflection in y = -x)
Stretch / Compression
Horizontal Vertical
Translation
Horizontal Vertical
03
Exponential
v.s
Other graphs
+Properties
Exponential v.s Linear graphs Exponential graph Linear graph
Domain: x E R Domain: x E R
Range: y > 0 Range: y E R
Horizontal Asymptote: Horizontal Asymptote:
x-axis none
Vertical Asymptote: Vertical Asymptote:
none none
Zeroes: (0,1) Zeroes: (0,0)
g(x) increases by 2 while f(x) increases by
increasing powers of 2
Logarithmic v.s Exponential
Logarithmic graph: Exponential graph
Domain: x > 0 Domain: x E R
Range: y E R Range: y > 0
Horizontal Asymptote: Horizontal Asymptote:
y-axis none
Vertical Asymptote: Vertical Asymptote: x-
none axis
Zeroes: (1,0) Zeroes: (0,1)
04
Exponential
Functions
Definition, formulas +
transformations
Q: What is an
exponential
function?
An exponential function is
a function whose value is
a constant raised to the
power of the argument.
Real-life type 1:
M(t)=P(½)^(t/h )(Half life)
M(t)=Actual mass, P=initial mass, t=
time in days, h=half life
Real-life type 2:
A = P((1+r)/n)^nt (Compound interest)
A=total amount, P=principal amount,
r=interest rate (decimal), n=number of
time interest is compounded in a year,
t=time in years
Real-life example 3:
R = log (a/t+B) (Richter scale)
R=intensity of earthquake , a=amplitude
, t=time between waves , B=3.2
Real-life example 4:
pH = -log[H+] (pH)
pH= measure of acidity or alkalinity,
H+=hydrogen ion concentration
Real-life example 5:
L = 10 log(I/Io) (Loudness)
L=loudness (dB) , I=intensity
(W/m^2), Io = Dynamic range of
intensity (10^-12 W/m^2)
Transformation of exponential functions
f(x) = ab^(kx-d) + c
a: a>0 = vertical stretch / a<0 = [Link]
b: constant
k: k<0 = horizontal stretch / k>0 = [Link]
d: horizontal translation
c: vertical translation
05
Timeline
+contributors
+top 3 uses
Contributors’ timeline
John Napier (1614)
Wrote “Miraculous canon of
logarithm”
Value of e = 2.71 (not accurate)
Jacob Bernoulli
Discovered while solving the
financial problem relating to
compound interest
Very accurate approximation, e =
2.718281828 Leonard Euler (1768)
Gave the name e, e = 2.718281828
(23 decimals)
Also named π
Top 3 uses for exponents
Business
Compound interests and
finances
Earthquakes
Richter scales
Safety
Half-life calculation decides if
a place is safe to house
residents
06
Real-life
examples
Real-life STEM
examples:
1. Bacterium
growth (SWH)
[Link]
spreading
(AKM)
Resources
Exponential function – Wikipedia
iMovie, Slidesgo, GoDaddy, ibispaintX and Procreate
History of constant e (
[Link]
Transformation of exponential functions (Nelson
textbook)
Common Formulae of exponential formula (Nelson
textbook)
Conclusion
● An exponent is a constant raised to the power of the
argument, especially where the constant is e.
● An exponential function is a function whose value is a
constant raised to the power of the argument.
● Transformation formula: f(x) = ab^(kx-d) + c
● a: a>0 = vertical stretch / a<0 = [Link]
● b: constant
● k: k<0 = horizontal stretch / k>0 = [Link]
● d: horizontal translation
● c: vertical translation
● Exponents are used in real life for: 1) half-life
2)compound interest 3) Richter Scale
4)pH 5) Loudness
Thank you!