Chapter One

History and Evolution

of
Telecommunication Networks

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 Lecture outlines
• Introduction.
• Significance of Telecommunications.
• Historical Perspectives of Telecommunications.
• Basics of switching systems
• Function of switching system
• Digital switching system

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 Introduction
What is Telecommunication?
 Definition
• Tele means "over a distance" and
• Communicara means "the ability to share“
• Hence, telecommunications literally means "the sharing of
information over a distance"
 Electronic transmission of signals for communications, via
-Telephone
-Radio
-Television, etc.
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 Definition . . .

Telecommunication: according to 1-3 the

article
of International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Regulation (RR) Define as Any transmission, emissionradio
or
reception of signs, signals, writing, images, sounds or
intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other
electromagnetic systems.

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 Significance of telecommunication

1. Telecommunications is a way of life.

2. Telecommunications provides a technological foundation
for societal communications.
3. Telecommunications provides vital infrastructure for national
security.
4. Telecommunications services have an essential impact on
the development of a community

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 Significance of telecommunication

5. Telecommunications plays an essential role on many areas of

everyday living.
• Banking, automatic teller machines, telebanking;
• Aviation, booking of tickets.
• Sales, wholesale and order handling.
• Credit card payments at gasoline stations.
• Booking of hotel rooms by travel agencies.
• Material purchasing by industry.
• Government operations, such as taxation.

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 Telecommunication systems
• Five essentials/components for effective information transfer
between two points
1. Transmitting
2. Receiving devices
3. A transport mechanism (medium)
4. The conveyed information which is coded in such a way as to
be compatible with, and comprehensible to, the receiver.

5. Protocol: The coding and method of transfer of the information

over the medium
• Protocol also defines the procedure to be used
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 Telecommunication systems

• Communication can be simplex or duplex

• Simplex: one direction communication
• E.g., Radio broadcast, remote control
•Duplex: two way communication and requires a transmitter
and a receiver at both ends of the connection
•Half-duplex: Communication is possible in both directions, but not
at the same time, as only one communications path is available
• Full-duplex: Both communicate at the same time

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 Telecommunication based services

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 Historical perspective of telecommunication

 The history of telecommunication began with the use of smoke

signals and drums in Africa, the Americas, and parts of Asia.

1. Preliminary Developments (1800-1837)

Volta discovers the primary battery.
Fourier and Laplace present mathematical treatises.
Ampere, Faraday, and Henry conduct experiments on
electricity and magnetism
 Ohm’s law (1826)
Gauss, Weber, and Wheatstone develop early telegraph
systems.
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 2. Basic Electrical signal
 1837 - Morse publicly demonstrates his telegraph.
 1843 - FAX invented by the Scotch physicist Alexander Bain.
 1865 - Maxwell mathematically predicts the propagation of
electromagnetic waves through space.
 1866 - First transatlantic telegraph line successfully laid.
 1870 - Thomas Edison invents multiplex telegraphy.
 1876 - Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.
 1876 (March 7) -The first telephone patent, No. 174,465 was
issued to Alexander Graham Bell.
 1876 (March 10) - First complete sentence of speech transmitted by
telephone in Boston.
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 Basic Electrical signal..
 1876 - First complete sentence transmitted by telephone. First
conversation by overhead line, 2 miles-Boston to Cambridge port.
 1876 - Edison invents the electric motor and the phonograph.
 1877 - Bell Telephone Company formed, with Alexander Graham Bell as
"electrician" and Thomas Watson as "superintendent.“
 1878 (January 28) - First commercial telephone exchange in the world opened at
New Haven, Conn.
 1881 - Conversation by underground cable.
 1887 - Heinrich Hertz shows that electromagnetic waves exist.
 1888 - Heinrich Hertz produces radio waves.
 1892 (October 18) - Opening of long distance telephone service
New York to Chicago.
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 Advanced Electrical and electronic signal

 1893: Wireless telegraphy by Nikolai Tesla.

 1895 - Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.
 1896 - Marconi patents wireless telegraph.
 1901 - Marconi transmits first trans-Atlantic radio message
 1907 - The world's first transatlantic commercial wireless
services is established by Marconi.
 1910 - Peter De Bye in Holland, develops theory for optical
waveguides.
 1914 (February 26) - Boston-Washington under-ground telephone
cable placed in commercial service.
 1915 (January 25) - Opening of First Trans-continental telephone
line, New York to San Francisco.

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 Advanced Electrical and electronic signal

 1918 - Edwin Armstrong develops a receiving circuit - the super

heterodyne.
 1920 - The first regular commercial radio broadcasts begin .
 1927 (April 7) - First public demonstration of television by Bell System
engineers.
 1927 - First public demonstration of long distance transmission of
television.
 1936 - BBC begins regular television service.
 1954 - Gene Amdahl developed the first computer operating system for
the IBM 704.
 1957 - October 4, the Russians launched the first satellite, Sputnik

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 Advanced Electrical and electronic signal

 1962: Commercial telecommunications satellite.

 1969: Computer networking by Charley Kline and Bill Duvall.
 1976 : Digital radio and time division switching introduced.
 1981: First mobile phone network Japan .
 1982 : The first full-color two-way video teleconferencing service
is offered.
 1992 : The World Wide Web is born - the brain child of CERN
physicist Tim Berners-Lee.
 1983: the Internet was officially born.
 1998: Mobile satellite hand-held phones
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 4. Till today
 VoIP Internet Telephony
 mobile Internet
 wireless Internet technology (wi-fi)
 digital technology 3G and 4G mobile networks
 smartphones, mobile apps, android and i0S app development
software
 cloud computing services
 “Internet of things” and a great number of advanced and innovative
technologies were developed through all these years
 evolution never stops, we are about to see great things happening in
the future!
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 Evolution of telecommunication

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 Switching system

 The switching system is a collection of

switching elements arranged and controlled
in such a way as to setup a communication
path between any two distant points.
 The process of transferring messages from
one place to other is called switching .
There are three types of switching namely a
circuit switching , message switching and
packet switching .

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 Classification of Switching System

 The following flowchart shows how the switching systems

were classified.

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 Basics of a Switching System

 A major component of a switching system or an

exchange is the set of input and output circuits
called inlets and outlets, respectively.
 The primary function of a switching system is to
establish an electrical path between a given inlet-
outlet pair.
 The hardware used for establishing such a
connection is called the switching matrix or the
switching fabric.

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 Switch configurations

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 Functions of Switching System:

The switching office performs the

following basic functions:
 Identity. The local switching center must
react to a calling signal from calling
subscriber and must be able to receive
data to identify the required destination
terminal seize.
 Addressing. The switching system must be
able to identify the called subscriber

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 Functions of Switching System:

 Finding and path setup. Once the calling

subscriber destination is identified and the
called subscriber is available, an accept
signal is passed to the switching system and
calling subscriber.
 Busy testing. If number dialed by the
calling subscriber is wrong or the
called subscriber is busy (not attending
the phone) or the terminal may be free.

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 Functions of Switching System(SS):
 Supervision. Once the path is setup
between calling and called subscriber, it
should be supervised in order to detect
answer.
 Clear down. When the established call is
completed, the path setup should be
Disconnected.
 Billing. A switching system should have a
mechanism to meter to count the number of
units made during the conversation.

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 Requirements of Switching system

• Some important requirements for practical

switching system are:
• High availability. The telephone system must be
very reliable. System Availability A is:
or

 The full accessibility is also defined as

capacity or number of outlets of a switch to
access a given route
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 Requirements of Switching system

 The availability of a single processor is defined as

• The unavailability of the system is given by:

c

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 Requirements of Switching system

 Dual processor: A dual processor system is said to

have failed only when both processor fails and the
total system is unavailable . The MTBF of dual
processor is given by :

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 Requirements of Switching system

• High speed. The switching speed should

be high enough to make use of the
switching system efficiently
• Low down time. The down time is the total
time the switching system is not operating
satisfactorily. The down time is low enough
to have high availability
• Good facilities. A switching system must
have various facilities to serve the
subscriber: wake up calls, address
identification etc

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 Cont

High security. To ensure satisfied or correct

operation provision should be provided in
the switching system. System should be
duplicated.

Example: Given that MTBF = 2000 hrs. and

MTTR = 4 hrs. Calculate the unavailability
for single and dual processor systems for 10
years and 30 years.

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 Example

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 The Strowger step by step switching system

• The limitations of the manual exchange

were:
• Language dependent.
• Lack of privacy.
• Switching delay.
• Limited service.
• To eliminate the manual switching,
electromechanical switches were deployed
in 1880.
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 The Strowger step by step switching system

 Among those electromechanical automatic

switches, strowger’s step by step switching
system was the most popular and widely
used
 Almon B. Strowger, in Kensas city, USA was
the first to put it to effective use of
automatic electromechanical switch

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 The Strowger step by step switching system

• There are two types of basic elements which

performs most of the functions of the
strowger switching system:
• Uniselectors and
• Two motion selectors

a) 10 contact uniselector b) graded uniselegtor

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 The Strowger step by step switching system

• Compared to the uniselector, a two motion

selector is a selector in which a set of wipers
is moved in two different planes by means
of separate mechanisms

Two motion selector

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 Digital switching system
Introduction

• Because of facilities that offer digital switching

and transmission the analog switching is
replaced by digital switching

• A switching system is called digital when the

input to and output from the switching system
can directly support digital signal

• Many basic elements of the digital switching

system and its operation are very similar to the
stored program control (SPC) switching system
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 Digital switching system
Introduction

• The functions of the digital switching network

is to connect pairs of channels

• Information arriving at the switching center in a

particular channel on one PCM multiplex
system can be passed to some other channel
on an outgoing PCM multiplex systems

• To achieve this switching, we use two

processes known as: time switching and space
switching
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 Digital switching system

• In digital data communication (analog or

digital signal), a fundamental requirement is
that the receiver should know the starting
time and duration of each bit that it receives

• To meet this requirement asynchronous and

synchronous transmission are used

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 Evaluation of Digital switching system

f digital switching system

• The early version of electronic switching
system is the stored program control (SPC).

• SPC have temporary memory for storing

transient call information and to carry
programming information

• The SPC performs line control, trunk control,

ancillary control, maintenance control etc
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 Evaluation of Digital switching system

Evaluation of digital switching system

• A modern digital switching system employs
a number of processors not uses distributed
software and hardware architectures

• A digital signal is a discrete signal

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 Evaluation of Digital switching system

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 Evaluation of Digital switching system

• The process of converting analog signal into

digital signals is called digitization

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 Digital transmission
• There are two basic modes of digital
transmission namely asynchronous and
synchronous transmission
• Some of the advantageous of digital
transmission are:
Satisfactory transmission and quality
even in the presence of crosstalk and
noise
Signal regeneration. In digital
transmission, it is possible to use
regenerative repeaters instead of analog
amplifiers
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 Digital transmission

Lower SNR. In digital transmission, the noise

generated in the terminal and the noise
encountered in the transmission line can be
separated
Ease of multiplexing. TDM is normally
associated only with digital transmission links

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 Digital transmission

The disatvantageous of digital transmission

are:
Greater bandwidth. A major disadvantage of
digital transmission is the requirement of much
greater bandwidth. This is due to the fact that
each sample is represented by an 8 bit codeword
and each bit is transmitted as a separate discrete
pulse.
• For example, T1 system requires
approximately eight times as mush
bandwidth as do 24 analog voice channels

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 Digital transmission

Need of synchronization. For efficient reception

of digital signal, a timing reference, generally a
‘clock’ is needed
Multiplexing difficulties. Since the time of
arrival of data is dependent on the distance of
travel in TDM, it is not nearly as amenable to
applications involving distributed sources and
destinations.

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 Digital transmission

• Asynchronous transmission involves separate

transmission of groups of bits or characters

• In each group, a specific predefined time interval is

used for each discrete signal.

• The main advantage of synchronous transmission is

speed and efficiency

• In Asynchronous transmission, digital signals are sent

as separate transmission of groups whereas in
synchronous transmission, the digital signals are sent
continuously at constant rate
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 Digital transmission

• Asynchronous transmission involves separate

transmission of groups of bits or characters

• In each group, a specific predefined time interval is

used for each discrete signal.

• The main advantage of synchronous transmission is

speed and efficiency

• In Asynchronous transmission, digital signals are sent

as separate transmission of groups whereas in
synchronous transmission, the digital signals are sent
continuously at constant rate
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 Space division switching

• The fundamental operation of a switch is to

setup and release connection between
subscribers

• It involves direct connection between subscriber

loops at an end office or between station loops
at a PBX

• The switches are hardware and/or software

devices capable of creating temporary
connections between two or more subscribers
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 Space
Space division switching division switching

• In space division switching, the paths in the

circuit are separated from each other Spatially

• A crosspoint switch is referred to as a space

division switch because it moves a bit stream
from one circuit/bus to another

• The number of crosspoints required are M ×

N, where M is number of inlets and N is
number of outlets
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 Space
Space division switching division switching

• Single stage can only be used to interconnect

one particular inlet outlet pair

• The large number of crosspoints on each inlet

and outlet line imply a large amount of
capacitive loading on the message paths

• It is usual to build exchanges in two or three

stages to reduce the number of crosspoints
and to provide alternative paths
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 Space division switching

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 Space division switching

• The total number of crosspoints NX for three

stage is:

N = Number of inlets-outlets
n = size of each inlet-outlet group
K = number of second stage.
2NK= number of cross points in 1st and 2nd stage

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 Time division switching

• In Space division switching the crosspoints of

multistage space switches assigned to a
particular connection is dedicated to that
connection for its duration

• So the crosspoints can not be shared,

compared to the time division switching
where the sharing of crosspoints for shorter
periods of time is possible

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 Time division switching

• Time division switching uses time division

multiplexing to achieve switching

• Two popular methods that are used in time

division multiplexing are:

• the time slot interchange (TSI) and

• the TDM bus

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 Time division switching

• In ordinary time division mutliplexing, the

data reaches the output in the same order as
they sent

• TSI changes the ordering of slots based on

the desired connections where demultiplexer
separates the slots and passes them to the
proper output

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 Time division switching

• The TDM uses a control unit which opens and

closes the gates according to the switching need

• The principle of time division switching can be

equally applied to analog and digital signals

• For interfacing sampled analog signals but not

digitized, the analog time division switches are
attractive

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 Time division switching

• For larger switches, there are some

limitations due to noise, distortion and
crosstalk which normally occurs in PAM
signals

• Analog switching is now used only in smaller

switching systems

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