Cyber World
is quite simply the range of manners
applied to the Internet and the use of
technology in everyday situations. This
includes uses of technology in public
places, such as meetings or business
lunches.
Cyberbullying or cyberharassment is a
form of bullying or harassment using
electronic means. Cyberbullying and
Cyber harassment are also known
as online bullying. It has become
increasingly common, especially among
teenagers.[1] Cyberbullying is when
someone, typically teens, bully or harass
others on social media sites.
Features of a Computer
High speed, accuracy large storage capacity, high reliability and versatility are some of the
important features of computers.
Speed:
It has a very speed of executing instruction. CPU of a computer can perform more than 10
million operations per second. All the instructions are executed in accordance with a clock,
whose frequency is measured in Mhz. Normally, 3-4 cycles of this clock are required to
execute one instruction. Recent computers have a speed of about 300 Mhz i.e one cycle of
approx.3 X 10-9 Sec. This means that it can execute an instruction in about 10 nanosec
(10X 10 -8 Sec). In other words it can execute 100 million instructions in one second. But
the overall speed of performance of a computer decreases due to slower Input and Output
devices, interfaced to CPU.
Storage:
The speed with which computers can process large quantities of data/ Information, the size
of input so also the output is quite large. The size of information to be stored further
increases due to graphic applications. All this information is to be stored in auxiliary
memory i.e Hard Disk fitted inside the computer. Hard Disks now days have a storage
capacity as large as 4 GB. The size of internal primary memory (RAM) has also been
increases a lot to about 64 MB.
Accuracy:
The accuracy of results computed by a computer is consistently high. Due to digital techniques
the error is very small. The errors in computing may be due to logical mistakes by a programmer
or due to inaccurate data.
Reliability:
The reliability of results processed by a computer is very high. If a program is executed any
number of times with the same set of data, every time the results would be the same.
Versality:
Computers are capable of performing almost task provided the task can be reduced to a series of
logical steps so that an appropriate program in a suitable language can be fed to a computer
memory. Ofcourse, the input and output devices should be capable of performing the desired
task. Because of these capabilities, a number of processes can be automated with the help of a
computer.
Apart from those outlined above, computer has some other features also. They are automatic to a
great extent i.e they run with very little human interference. They can work endless at the same
level of efficiency and productivity. Modern computers are becoming more and more user friendly
i.e computer itself helps the user at every stage. Visual display, limited but effective use of
natural language like English and appropriate software have made it very easy to operate
computers.
A computer system consists of both hardware and information stored on
hardware. Information stored on computer hardware is often
called software.
The hardware components of a computer system are the electronic and
mechanical parts.
The software components of a computer system are the data and the
computer programs.
The major hardware components of a computer
system are:
•Processor
•Main memory
•Secondary memory
•Input devices
•Output devices
The processor is an electronic device about a one inch
square, covered in plastic. Inside the square is an even
smaller square of silicon containing millions of tiny
electrical parts. A modern processor may contain
billions of transistors. It does the fundamental
computing within the system, and directly or indirectly
controls all the other components.
Main Memory
Main memory is where programs and data are kept when the processor is
actively using them. When programs and data become active, they are
copied from secondary memory into main memory where the processor can
interact with them. A copy remains in secondary memory.
Main memory is intimately connected to the processor, so moving
instructions and data into and out of the processor is very fast.
Main memory is sometimes called RAM. RAM stands for Random Access
Memory. "Random" means that the memory cells can be accessed in any
order. However, properly speaking, "RAM" means the type of silicon chip
used to implement main memory.
Secondary Memory
Secondary memory is where programs and data are kept on a long-
term basis. Common secondary storage devices are the hard disk and
optical disks.
•The hard disk has enormous storage capacity compared to main
memory.
•The hard disk is usually contained inside the case of a computer.
•The hard disk is used for long-term storage of programs and data.
•Data and programs on the hard disk are organized into files.
•A file is a collection of data on the disk that has a name.
Input Devices
Input and output devices allow the computer system to interact
with the outside world by moving data into and out of the
system. An input device is used to bring data into the system.
Some input devices are:
•Keyboard
•Mouse
•Microphone
•Bar code reader
•Graphics tablet
Output Devices
An output device is used to send data out of the
system. Some output devices are:
•Monitor
•Printer
•Speaker
A network interface acts as both input and output.
Data flows from the network into the computer, and
out of the computer into the network.
PROCESSING
DATA
INPUT OUTPUT
STORAGE