CSE102 – Programming

Fundamentals

String (Part 1)
 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings

 Character constants: (which actually represents an integer value)

‘a’, ‘A’, ‘0’, ‘1’, ‘\n’, ‘ ’, ‘\0’, ..
 String constants:
“I am a student”, “Your score %d\n”
 Character variable to store a character
char c = ‘l’;
 Character array, which can store a string
char str[15] = “I am a student”;
 String Implementation and Representation

Implemented by an array of characters

char pet[5] = {‘l’, ‘a’, ‘m’, ‘b’, ‘\0’};
printf(“Mary has a little %s.\n”, pet);
 More accurate: NULL-terminated array of characters

Represented by a character array

char color[] = "blue";
 What is String

Strings are arrays of characters in which a special

character—the null character (‘\0’)—marks the end.
The C library provides a collection of functions for
working with strings.
 String Literals

 A string literal is a sequence of characters enclosed within

double quotes:
"When you come to a fork in the road, take it."
 String literals may contain escape sequences.
 Character escapes often appear in printf and scanf
format strings.
 For example, each \n character in the string
"Candy\nIs dandy\nBut liquor\nIs quicker.\n --Ogden Nash\n"
causes the cursor to advance to the next line:
Candy
Is dandy
But liquor
Is quicker.
--Ogden Nash
 Continuing a String Literal

The backslash character (\) can be used to continue

a string literal from one line to the next:
printf("When you come to a fork in the road, take it. \
--Yogi Berra");
In general, the \ character can be used to join two or
more lines of a program into a single line.
 How String Literals Are Stored

When a C compiler encounters a string literal of

length n in a program, it sets aside n + 1 bytes of
memory for the string.
This memory will contain the characters in the
string, plus one extra character—the null
character—to mark the end of the string.
The null character is a byte whose bits are all zero, so
it’s represented by the \0 escape sequence.
 How String Literals Are Stored

The string literal "abc" is stored as an array of four

characters:

The string "" is stored as a single null character:

 String Literals versus Character Constants

A string literal containing a single character isn’t the

same as a character constant.
 "a" is represented by a pointer.
 'a' is represented by an integer.
A legal call of printf:
printf("\n");
An illegal call:
printf('\n'); /*** WRONG ***/
 String Variables

Any one-dimensional array of characters can be used

to store a string.
A string must be terminated by a null character.
 String Variables

If a string variable needs to hold 80 characters, it

must be declared to have length 81:
char str[80+1];
Adding 1 to the desired length allows room for the
null character at the end of the string.
Failing to do so may cause unpredictable results
when the program is executed.
 Initializing a String Variable

A string variable can be initialized at the same time

it’s declared:
char date1[8] = "June 14";
The compiler will automatically add a null character
so that date1 can be used as a string:
 
 
 Initializing a String Variable

If the initializer is too short to fill the string variable,

the compiler adds extra null characters:
char date2[9] = "June 14";
Appearance of date2:
 Initializing a String Variable

An initializer for a string variable can’t be longer

than the variable, but it can be the same length:
char date3[7] = "June 14";
There’s no room for the null character, so the
compiler makes no attempt to store one: 
 Initializing a String Variable

The declaration of a string variable may omit its

length, in which case the compiler computes it:
char date4[] = "June 14";
The compiler sets aside eight characters for date4,
enough to store the characters in "June 14" plus
a null character.
Omitting the length of a string variable is especially
useful if the initializer is long, since computing the
length by hand is error-prone.
 Reading and Writing Strings

Writing a string is easy using either printf or

puts.
To read a string in a single step, we can use either
scanf or gets.
As an alternative, we can read strings one character
at a time.
 Writing Strings Using printf and puts

The %s conversion specification allows printf to

write a string:
char str[] = "Are we having fun yet?";
printf("%s\n", str);
The output will be
Are we having fun yet?
printf writes the characters in a string one by one
until it encounters a null character.
 Writing Strings Using printf and puts

printf isn’t the only function that can write strings.

The C library also provides puts:
puts(str);
After writing a string, puts always writes an
additional new-line character.
 Reading Strings Using scanf and gets

The %s conversion specification allows scanf to

read a string into a character array:
scanf("%s", str);
str is treated as a pointer, so there’s no need to put
the & operator in front of str.
When scanf is called, it skips white space, then
reads characters and stores them in str until it
encounters a white-space character.
scanf always stores a null character at the end of
the string.
 Reading Strings Using scanf and gets

scanf won’t usually read a full line of input.

A new-line character will cause scanf to stop
reading, but so will a space or tab character.
To read an entire line of input, we can use gets.
Properties of gets:
 Doesn’t skip white space before starting to read input.
 Reads until it finds a new-line character.
 Discards the new-line character instead of storing it; the null
character takes its place.
 Reading Strings Using scanf and gets

Consider the following program fragment:

char sentence[80+1];
printf("Enter a sentence:\n");
scanf("%s", sentence);
Suppose that after the prompt
Enter a sentence:
the user enters the line
To C, or not to C: that is the question.
scanf will store the string "To" in sentence.
 Reading Strings Using scanf and gets

Suppose that we replace scanf by gets:

gets(sentence);
When the user enters the same input as before, gets
will store the string
" To C, or not to C: that is the question."
in sentence.
 Reading Strings Character by Character

Suppose we need a function that (1) doesn’t skip white-

space characters, (2) stops reading at the first new-line
character (which isn’t stored in the string), and (3)
discards extra characters.
A prototype for the function:
int read_line(char str[], int n);
If the input line contains more than n characters,
read_line will discard the additional characters.
read_line will return the number of characters it
stores in str.
 Reading Strings Character by Character

 read_line consists primarily of a loop that calls getchar

to read a character and then stores the character in str,
provided that there’s room left:
int read_line(char str[], int n)
{
int i = 0;
char ch;
while ((ch = getchar()) != '\n')
if (i < n)
str[i++] = ch;
str[i] = '\0'; /* terminates string */
return i; /* number of characters stored */
}
 Reading Strings Character by Character

Before returning, read_line puts a null character

at the end of the string.
Standard functions such as scanf and gets
automatically put a null character at the end of an
input string.
If we’re writing our own input function, we must
take on that responsibility.
 Accessing the Characters in a String

Since strings are stored as arrays, we can use

subscripting to access the characters in a string.
To process every character in a string s, we can set
up a loop that increments a counter i and selects
characters via the expression s[i].
 Accessing the Characters in a String

A function that counts the number of spaces in a

string:
int count_spaces()
{
char s[1000];
int count = 0, i;
gets(s);
for (i = 0; s[i] != '\0'; i++)
if (s[i] == ' ')
count++;
return count;
}