Calculus for Bioengineering

Course Code : MAT 1006

Module: 2-3
Course Type :LT
Credits :4

Dr. Neha Choubey

Mathematics, SASL
2 Differential Calculus – I:
nth derivative, Leibnitz theorem, Partial differentiation, Euler's
theorem, Curve tracing, Change of variables, Expansion of function of
several variables.
3 Differential Calculus – II:
Jacobian, Approximation of errors, Extrema of functions of several
variables, Lagrange's method of multipliers (Simple applications)
 Text/Reference Books
S. No. Books
1
Thomas’ Calculus by George B. Thomas, Maurice D. Weir, Joel R.
Hass, 12th edition, Pearson Education Inc., 2010.
2
Higher Engineering Mathematics by B. S. Grewal, 43 rd Edition,
Khanna Publishers, India, 2014.
3
Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Erwin Kreyszig, 10 th Edition,
Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2015.
4 Kandasamy P etal. Engineering Mathematics, Vol.I (4th revised edition),
S. Chand &Co., New Delhi,2000.
Basic differentiation
You should know the meaning of the terms limit, differentiable at a point,

differentiate, derivative, differentiable over an interval, derived function.

Differentiate a function
whose terms are of the form

axn

find the gradient of the

tangent to a curve y the rate of change of f at a
= f(x) at x = a

• The process of The derivative of a

function is also called
finding the
derivative of a differentia coefficient
function is
called
differentiation solve optimisation
problems using calculus
determine the greatest/least values of
a function on a given interval
Differentiation of algebraic and
transcendental function
Recapitulation
The instantaneous rate of change the
derivative of f at x = a which we write
as f'(a).

9
 Rules for Differentiation

1. The Constant Rule

If y = c where c is a constant,
dy
0
dx

dy
e.g. y = 10 then dx  0

13
2. The Linear Function Rule
If y = a + bx
dy
b
dx
dy
6
e.g. y = 10 + 6x then dx

14
 3. The Power Function Rule

If y = axn, where a and n are constants

dy
 n.a .x n 1
dx

dy 0
i) y = 4x => dx  4 x 4

dy
ii) y = 4x 2
=> dx  8 x

dy 3
-2
iii) y = 4x => dx  8 x
15
 Negative Exponents
Since the power rule works for negative
exponents, we have, for

16
 4. The Sum-Difference Rule
If y = f(x)  g(x)
dy d [ f ( x )] d [ g ( x )]
 
dx dx dx

If y is the sum/difference of two or more

functions of x:
differentiate the 2 (or more) terms
separately, then add/subtract
dy
(i) y = 2x2 + 3x then  4x  3
dx
dy
(ii) y = 5x + 4 then dx  5 17
Derivatives of Sums, Differences &
Constant Multiples

18
Ex:

Ex:

Ex:

19
 5. The Product Rule

If y = u.v where u and v are functions of x,

(u = f(x) and v = g(x) ) Then
dy dv du
 u v
dx dx dx

20
 Examples
dy dv du
If y = u.v  u  v
dx dx dx

2
i) y = (x+2)(ax +bx)
dy
dx
  x  2  2ax  b   ax 2  bx 
3 2
ii) y = (4x -3x+2)(2x +4x)
dy   4 x 3  3 x  2 4 x  4   2 x 2  4 x  12 x 2  3
dx     
6. The Quotient Rule
• If y = u/v where u and v are functions
of x (u = f(x) and v = g(x) ) Then

du dv
v u
dy dx dx
 2
dx v
 du dv
v u
u dy
If y  then  dx 2 dx
v dx v

Example 1

y
 x  2
 x  4

dy

 x  4 1   x  2 1

2
dx  x  4 2
 x  4 2
 7. The Chain Rule
(Implicit Function Rule)

• If y is a function of v, and v is a function of x, t

hen y is a function of x and

dy dy dv
 .
dx dv dx
dy dy dv
 . Examples
dx dv dx
2 ½
i) y = (ax + bx)
let v = (ax2 + bx) , so y = v½
 
1
dy 1 
 ax  bx 2 . 2ax  b 
2
dx 2
3 4
ii) y = (4x + 3x – 7 )
3 4
let v = (4x + 3x – 7 ), so y = v
dy
dx
 3 3
 2
 4 4 x  3 x  7 . 12 x  3 
 8. The Inverse Function Rule
dy 1

If x = f(y) then dx dx
dy
• Examples
i) x = 3y2 then
dx dy 1
dy
 6y so dx  6 y
3
ii) y = 4x then
dy dx 1
 12x 2 so dy  12 x 2
dx
 9. Concept of implicit function
If f(x, y)=c, be a relation in x, y. If we do
not try to express y in terms of x even
though it may possible or not, then it is
called implicit function
• Examples
i) x √y + y√x= 1
ii) siny = xsin(a+y)
iii) x
2
 y
2
 6y  0
Rule of thumb:
Multiply by the power and reduce the power
by 1.
Examples 3
y  5x 2 
f (x)  3x 5
x
 f (x)  5  3x 51  y  5x  3x 1
2

 f (x)  15x 4 dy
  10x  3x 2
dx
dy 3
  10x  2
f (x)  2x 3  4 x 2  3x  4 y  f x  dx x

 f (x)  2x 3  4 x 2  3x1  4 x 0 dy
  f x 
 f (x)  6x 2  8x1  3x 0  0x 1 dx x5
 y
 f (x)  6x  8x  3
2
x
x1 5
 y 1  1
f (x)  4 x  5 x2 x2
  12
1
1  y  x 2  5x
 f (x)  4 x  5x 2 0

dy 1  12 5  32
 f (x)  2x
 12
  x 2x
dx 2
2 dy 1 5
 f (x)    
x dx 2 x 2 x 3

 

Test
Yourself?
The Waverley can reach its top speed in 5 minutes.
During that time its distance from the start can be
calculated using the formula D = t + 50t2
where t is the time in minutes and D is measured in metres.

What is the Waverley’s top speed?

Speed, v m/min, is the rate of
change of distance with
time.
D  t  50t 2
dD
v  1 100t
dt
v = 1 + 100  5 = 501
m/sec


How fast is it accelerating?

Acceleration, a m/min/min, is the

v  1 100t
rate of change of speed with time.
Test
dv
a
dt
 100
Yourself?
 Differentiate
(a) 3x5 + 4x3 – x – 3 (a) 15x4 + 12x2 –1
(b) 3x2 + 2x
(c) 3
4
x 1
(b) 3x 2  2 x  3x 2  2x 2
(d) 2x  x dy 1 1
x2   6x  x 2  6x 
 dx x


You must make  3
(c) 4  4  3x 1
each term take
x
the shape axn
dy 3
  3x 2   2
dx x

1
 (d) 2x  x 2x x 2 1  32
   2x  x
x2 x2 x2
dy 5
  2x 2  32 x 2
dx


Gradient at a
Point

0
0 1 2 3

-1

reveal

Using convenient units and

axes, the profile of a hill
has been modelled by
H = 0·1(x3 – 5x2 + 6x) where H
is the height and x is the
distance from the origin.
What is the gradient of the
curve when x = 2?
Gradient at a
Point

0
0 1 2 3
H = 0·1x3 – 0·5x2 + 0·6x
-1

dH
 0  3x 2  x  0  6
dx
dH
  0  3  22  2  0  6
dx x 2
 1 2  2  0  6
 0  2



Using convenient units and

axes, the profile of a hill
has been modelled by
H = 0·1(x3 – 5x2 + 6x) where H
is the height and x is the
distance from the origin.
What is the gradient of the
curve when x = 2?
Rates of change

reveal

The radius, r cm, of a

particular circular ripple is
related to the time, t, in
seconds since the photo was
taken.
r = 4t + 3
How fast is the area of the
circle growing when the radius
is 10 cm?
Rates of change

Since r = 4t + 3
then r = 11  t = 2.
and the area of the circular
ripple, A cm2, is π(4t + 3)2
A = π(4t + 3)2
 A = 16πt2 + 24πt + 9π

dA
  32t  24
dt
dA
  32  2  24  88
dt t 2



The radius, r cm, of a When the radius is 11 cm, the

particular circular ripple is area is increasing at the rate
related to the time, t, in of 276·5 cm2 per second
seconds since the photo was correct to 1 d.p.
taken.
r = 4t + 3

How fast is the area of the

circle growing when the radius
is 11 cm?
 Definition of a Function of Tw
o Variables

Ex.1. The domain of the function

 
is the set of all points (x, y) in the xy-plane as f(x, y) is defined for all real values of x and y.

Ex.2. The domain of the function

is the set of all points (x, y) in the xy-plane except the point lies on the line as f(x, y) is defined for all
real values of x and y s.t. .
Figure 1
Definition of Partial Derivatives of a F
unction of Two Variables
Notation for First Partial Derivatives
Figure 4
A geometric interpretation of partial der
ivatives
 whose graph is the intersection of the surface z = f(x, y) with the vertical plane y = y0
When we hold y equal to a constant y = y0, z = f(x, y) becomes the function z = f(x, y0) of x,

(Figure 4). The x-derivative (x0, y0) is the slope in the positive x-direction of the tangent
line to this curve at x = x0.
 f(x0, y) of y, whose graph is the intersection of the surface with the plane x = x0
Similarly, when we hold x equal to a constant x0, z = f(x, y) becomes the function z =

(Figure 5), and the y-derivative (x0, y0) is the slope in the positive y-direction of the
tangent line to this curve at y = y0.