Ambo University

Woliso Campus, Technology and Informatics

School
Department of Computer Science

Data Communication & Computer Networks

Internet Addressing

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 IP Addressing
• Four types of addresses are used :

[Link] Addresses

[Link] (IP) Addresses

[Link] Addresses, and

[Link] Addresses

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 IP Addressing
 A Hardware address is used to uniquely identify a host
within a local network. (by data link layer of OSI)
• Ethernet utilizes the 48-bit MAC address as its hardware
address.
• A MAC address is most often represented in hexadecimal,
using one of two accepted formats:
e.g. 00:43:AB:F2:32:13
0043.ABF2.3213
 Logical Addressing
• Logical addressing is a function of the Network layer of the
OSI Model and provides a hierarchical structure.
 Specific Address- are user-friendly addresses
• E.g. [Link] , john@[Link]
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 IP Addressing
 Port Number is a pre-assigned unique numbers so
that the computer knows how to respond when it is
contacted on a specific port.
 It is 16-bit address.

• E.g Web Servers use port 80,

• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is delivered to

port 25.

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 IP addresses-Logical Address
• Internet Protocol moves data between hosts in the form of
datagrams.
• Each datagram delivered to destination address w/c contains
32 – bit IP address.
 IP address
• is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on a
network.
• Allows a host on one network to communicate with a host on
a different network.

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 IP addresses
• IP address – is a famous layer 3 address

• IPv4 – is the current version of IP .

• IPv6- is the next version of the Internet Protocol

• Each data packet sent along a network contains source and

destination IP addresses
• A router uses the IP address of the destination to forward the
packet to the correct destination

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 IP addresses
• IP addresses are 32 bits wide.

• To work with this 32 bit wide IP addresses ,it needs to be

divided into four fields
• Each field is 8 bits wide, can be converted to base 10 and
separated by dots.
• Each octet has a decimal value from 0 to 255
• This writing scheme is called dotted decimal format and each
part is called an octet b/c it is made of eight bits.
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 IP address formats
• Example

– Dotted binary format

00001010.00000100.00001111.00001100

– Dotted decimal format

[Link]

• IP addresses have two portions , such as:

– network portion and

– host portion.

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 Host and Network portions
• The network portion/ addresses

– uniquely identifies the network in which the computer is

located
– E.g In the IP address [Link], 172.16 is the network
address.
• The host portion/ addresses

– identifies the source and destination computer / machine

in the network.
– Also called node address. E.g In the IP address
[Link], 30.56 is the host/node address.
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Host and network portions

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• IP addresses are hierarchical

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 IP address classes
 IP addresses
• Are classified into three main address classes to define
large, medium and small networks.
• Class A IP addresses are used for larger networks.

• Class B for medium networks.

• Class C for small networks.

• Other classes – w/c are used for multicasting and research

purposes are D and E .
• This grouping of addresses is referred to as class full
addressing.
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IP address classes – Ranges

IP Address High Order Bits First Octet Number of Bits in the

Class Address Range Network Address

Class A 0 0 – 127* 8

Class B 10 128 – 191 16

Class C 110 192 – 223 24

Class D 1110 224 – 239 0

Class E 1111 240 - 255 0

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IP address classes – network and host
portions

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 Class A addresses
• Class A IP address
– Use only the first octet to indicate the network address, the
remaining three octets provide host addresses.
– If the first bit of the first octet of IP address is 0, it is the
address of a class A network.
• The lowest number that can be represented is 00000000,
decimal 0.
• The highest number that can be represented is 01111111,
decimal 127.
• The numbers 0 and 127 are reserved and cannot be used as
network addresses.
• Any address that starts with a value between 1 and 126 in the
first octet is a Class A address.
• Example: [Link]

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 Class B addresses
• Class B IP address

– Designed to support moderately large sized networks.

– i.e. more than 65 thousand host addresses are available.

– Use the first two octets to indicate the network address,

the remaining two octets provide for host addresses.
• If the first bits of the first octet of an IP address is always 1 and
the second bit of the first octet of an IP address is always 0, it is
a class B network address.

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• This first 2 bits are used to identify class; the next 14 bits
identify the network, and the last 16 bits identify the
host.
• The lowest number that can be represented is 10000000,
decimal 128.
• The highest number that can be represented is
10111111, decimal 191.
• Any address that starts with a value between 128 and
191 in the first octet is a Class B address.
• Example: [Link]

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 Class C addresses
• Class C addresses

– Designed to support moderately large sized networks.

– i.e. A maximum of 254 host addresses are available.

– Use the first three octets to indicate the network address,

the remaining octet provides host addresses.
– If the first 3 bits of the address are 1 1 0, it is a class C
network address.

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• In a class C address, the first 3 bits are class identifiers;
the next 21 bits are the network address, and the last 8
bits identify the host.
• The lowest number that can be represented is 11000000,
decimal 192.
• The highest number that can be represented is
11011111, decimal 223.
• Any address that starts with a value 192- to - 225 in the
first octet is a Class C address
• Example: [Link]
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 Class D addresses
• Class D addresses

– Designed to support multicasting.

– Hence there is no need to allocate octets to separate

network and host addresses.
– If the first 4 bits of the address are 1 1 1 0, it is a
multicast address.
– The lowest number that can be represented is
11100000, decimal 224.

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 Class D addresses
– The highest number that can be represented is
11101111, decimal 239.
– Any address that starts with a value between 224 and
239 in the first octet is a Class D address.
– Example: [Link]

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 Class E addresses
– Class E addresses are reserved for research purposes.

– If the first 4 bits of the address are 1 1 1 1, it is a multicast

address.
– The lowest number that can be represented is 11110000,
decimal 240.
– The highest number that can be represented is 11111111,
decimal 255.
– Any address that starts with a value between 240 and 255
in the first octet is a Class E address.

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 Reserved IP addresses
• Certain IP addresses are reserved and cannot be used as an
address to a host.
• Some of them are:

– Network addresses – w/c used to identify the network.

– Broadcast addresses – w/c used to broadcast messages.

• Network addresses

– Used to identify the network itself.

– E.g a class C network which starts with [Link]

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 Network addresses
• The address [Link] is called the network address.

• An addresses can be assigned for hosts from [Link] to

[Link]
• The only time when the host portion of the address matters is
when data is on the local area network.
• In general, network addresses have all zeros for the host
portion.

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Network addresses (cont...)

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 Broadcast Addresses
• Is the address that used by applications and hosts to send
information to all hosts / nodes on a network.
• Used for broadcasting packets to all the devices on a network.

• Hosts use broadcast addresses to send data to all hosts on a

network.
• Assume a class C network with a network address [Link]

• The broadcast address for this network is [Link]

• In general, broadcast addresses have all ones for the host portion.

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Broadcast addresses (cont...)

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 Loopback IP
• The class A address which starts with 127 is used as a loopback
address.
• Hosts use this address to send packets to themselves.

• It can also be used for testing (eg. use it to test if NIC is working
properly or the driver has been correctly installed).
• Hence addresses which start with 127 are not assigned to hosts
under normal conditions.
• Usually the address [Link] is used as a loopback IP.

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 IP address Allocation
• IP addresses must be uniquely assigned to hosts.

• Originally, an organization known as the Internet Network Information

Center (InterNIC) took over the responsibility of making sure that IP
addresses are unique.
• InterNIC is no longer exists and has been succeeded by the Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
• IANA manages the remaining supply of IP addresses to ensure that
duplication of publicly used addresses does not occur.
• Duplication would cause instability in the Internet and compromise its
ability to deliver packets to networks.

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 Public and Private address

• The internet grows rapidly => we are running out of IP

addresses.
• One solution is to have public and private IP addresses.

• Since public networks require public IP addresses we give

hosts in that network a public IP address which is
obtained from IANA.
• This address is called a public address.

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 Public and private address

• But private networks (like networks in the laboratories of

Ambo University) do not require public IP addresses.
• We can assign a host in a private network any address we
like.
• We only make sure that each host in the private network
has a unique IP address.
• This address is called a private address.

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Private IP addresses – the problem
• A problem occurs if a private network is connected to the
internet.
• Now suppose a private network is connected to the
internet.
• Host X with an IP address of [Link] wants to
communicate with host Y with an address [Link].
• Is host Y on the same private network as host X or is it a
host somewhere in the internet?
• The router on the next slide will not be able to forward
the data packets correctly.

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Which host?

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 Private IP addresses –solution
• To resolve this confusion, three blocks of IP addresses have
been reserved for use in private networks (specified by RFC
1918).
• These three blocks consist of a range of Class A, Class B and
Class C addresses.
• These addresses are recommended for private addresses.

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 Private IP addresses –solution (contd.)
• Addresses that fall within these ranges are not routed on the
Internet backbone.
• Internet routers immediately discard private addresses.

• If addressing a nonpublic intranet, a test lab, or a home network,

these private addresses can be used instead of globally unique,
public addresses.

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 Subnetting
• Suppose we have a class A address.

• How to assign these addresses to hosts. (over 16

million)?
• Sub netting is a process which divides a network into
smaller, more manageable parts.
• Smaller parts of the network are called subnets.

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 IP address assignment
• Every host should obtain an IP address in order to exchage
data OR function on the internet.
• There are two ways of assigning IP addresses to hosts.

– Static assignment

– Dynamic assignment

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 Static IP address assignment
• Static assignment works best on small, in frequently changing
networks.
• IP addresses are manually assigned for each computer,
printer, or server on the intranet.
• Servers should be assigned a static IP address so workstations
and other devices will always know how to access needed
services.

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 Dynamic IP address assignment
• Two types of dynamic IP address assignments:
– RARP
– DHCP
 RARP
• Stands for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
• Every host knows its own MAC address.
• i.e. RARP server keeps a list of MAC addresses and
corresponding IP addresses.
• When a host boots up, it broadcasts a RARP request and the
RARP server responds, telling the host’s IP address.
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 DHCP
• Stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
• A range of IP addresses which can be assigned to hosts are
defined on a DHCP server.
• As hosts come online (when they boot up or when they are
connected to the network), they contact the DHCP server
and request for addresses.
• The DHCP server chooses an address and leases it to that
host.
• An IP address can be leased to a host for a week, a month,
three months, etc.
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 DHCP (contd.)

• When the lease time interval expires, the host requests for an
IP address again.
• Beside requesting for an address, hosts can also tell the DHCP
server that they no longer need the address they are using.
• This is also called releasing an IP address.

• After an address is released, it can be leased to another host.

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 Name Resolution – the problem
• In TCP/IP communications
– a datagram on a local-area network must contain both a
destination MAC address and a destination IP address.
– These addresses must be correct and match the
destination MAC and IP addresses of the host device.
– If it does not match, the datagram will be discarded by the
destination host.
– There needs to be a way to automatically map IP to MAC
addresses.
– It would be too time consuming for the user to create the
maps manually. IP Addressing 42
 Solution - ARP
• The TCP/IP suite has a protocol, called Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP), which can automatically obtain MAC
addresses for local transmission.
• Hosts find MAC addresses by:

– Broadcasting an ARP request, for which the destination

host replies
• Once a host finds out the MAC address of a host, it adds it on
its own ARP table.
• ARP tables contain a list of MAC addresses and IP addresses.

• To make the work more efficient, hosts consult their ARP

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table before sending out an ARP request.
 IPv4 – drawbacks
• Class A and B addresses make up 75 percent of the IPv4
address space, however fewer than 17,000 organizations can
be assigned a Class A or B network number.
• Class C network addresses are far more numerous than Class
A and Class B addresses, although they account for only 12.5
percent of the possible IP addresses
• Unfortunately, Class C addresses are limited to 254 usable
hosts.

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 IPv4 – drawbacks
• This does not meet the needs of larger organizations that
cannot acquire a Class A or B address.
• Even if there were more Class A, B, and C addresses, too
many network addresses would cause Internet routers to
come to a stop under the burden of the enormous size of the
information they will need to store and process.

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 IPv4 – Drawbacks
With Class A and B addresses virtually exhausted, class C addresses
are (only 12.5 percent) left to be assigned to new networks.

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 IPv6

• Among the efforts made to solve this problem (private

and public IP addresses being one), a more scalable
version of IP, called IPv6 has been developed.
• IPv6 uses 128 bits rather than 32 bits.

• IPv6 is slowly being implemented in selected networks.

• Eventually IPv6 is expected to replace IPv4.

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Thank you!!!

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