LECTURE - 37
CASE STUDIES ON RETROFITTING
AND REHABILITATION
RETROFITTING:
- The addition of new technology or features to older
systems and improving the structures with energy
efficiency or the process of strengthening existing
structural components in order to make them resistant.
REHABILITATION:
- reconstruction of the structural components which
were damaged.
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
DAMAGED PILES
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
Problems of Concrete Piles
Loss of reinforcement due to corrosion
Lack of confinement in concrete and
Deterioration of concrete due to attack of multiple
environmental agencies
Rehabilitation Methods
Concrete jacketing
Steel jacketing
FRP wrapping
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
Wrapping RC Pile with GFRP Composite
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE
• Objective:
– The main objective is to study the behaviour of concrete piles
wrapped with GFRP composites and to develop guidelines for
retrofitting and rehabilitation of piles.
• Scope:
– Test control pile specimens upto failure
– Retrofit concrete piles with GFRP fabric
– Test the retrofitted concrete piles under monotonic lateral load
with and without axial compressive loads
– Test the concrete piles upto the first flexural crack
– Rehabilitate the cracked piles with GFRP wrapping
– Study the behavior of retrofitted piles using ansys and
– Develop guidelines for retrofitting and rehabilitation of concrete
piles using GFRP composists.
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Sl. Diameter Yield Yield Ultimate Young’s
No. of the Strain Stress Stress Modulus
Rebar (mm/mm (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
(mm) )
2.05 x
1 6 0.0032 324 608
105
2 8 0.0037 435 640 2.2 x 105
Test Setup for Steel Reinforcement
Testing
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
350
500
300
450
400
250
350
Stress (N/mm )
Stress (N/mm )
2
2
300
200
250
150
200
150
100
100
50
50
0
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
Strain Strain
Stress vs Strain curve for 6mm Stress vs Strain curve for 8 mm
mild steel bar HYSD steel bar
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF GFRP COMPOSITES
Materials Tested
Resin : Epoxy
Reinforcement : ECR Glass WRM 610gsm
Reinforcement
Resin
Gel Coat
Releasing Agent
Structure Through Thickness of Laminate in Hand Lay–up
Process
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
CHARACTERIZATION OF FRP COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
Instron Testing Machine Flexure Test Set-up
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
CAST RESIN TENSION TEST COUPON TENSION TEST COUPONS OF GFRP
16
300
14
250
12
200 10
Load (kg)
Load (kg)
8
150 Specimen 1
6 Specimen 2
100 4 Specimen 3
2
50
0
0 0 2 4 6 8
0 1 2 3 4 Deflection (mm)
Extension (mm)
LOAD/EXTENSION CURVE FOR CAST RESIN LOAD/EXTENSION CURVE FOR CAST RESIN IN
IN TENSION FLEXURE
300 250
250 200
200
Stress (N/mm2)
Stress (N/mm )
2
150
150
100 Specimen 1
Specimen 1
Specimen 2
100 Specimen 2 Specimen 3
Specimen 3 50
50
0
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Micro Strain
Micro Strain
Stress/Strain Curve for GFRP Composite in Warp and Wept Direction
120 90
80
100
70
80 60
Stress (N/mm2)
Load (kg)
50
60
Specimen 1 40
Specimen 1
specimen 2
40 30 specimen2
Specimen 3
Specimen 3
20
20
10
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 0 2 4 6 8
Micro Strain Extension (mm)
Stress/Strain Curve for GFRP Load/Deflection Curve for GFRP Composite
Composite in 450 Direction in in Flexure
MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF CAST RESIN
Sl.
Property Standards Value
No.
1 Specific gravity BIS 6746-1994 1.17
2 Viscosity BIS 6746:1994 9433 centipoise
2 Gel time BIS 6746-1994 55 minutes
Peak exothermic
3 BS 2782:1994: Method 111-D 69˚C
Temperature
Heat Deflection BS 2782: Part1: 1994:Method
4 93˚ C
Temperature 121A
5 Hardness ASTM: D 2583-95 23
Tensile Properties
69 N/mm2
6 (i) Tensile Strength ISO 3268- 1978 (E)
2124 N/mm2
(ii) Tensile Modulus
Flexural Properties
112 N/mm2
7 (i) Flexural Strength ISO 178- 1975 (E)
2888 N/mm2
(ii) Flexural Modulus
8 Izod Impact Energy ISO 180/1A of ISO: 180-1982(E) 9.41 kJ/m2
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF GFRP COMPOSITE
[Link] Description Standards Results
Tensile Properties
(i). Tensile Strength in Warp Direction 260 N/mm2
(ii). Tensile Modulus in Warp direction, E1 14708 N/mm2
(iii). Poission’s ratio υ12 0.16
1 ISO 3268- 1978 (E)
248 N/mm2
(iv). Tensile Strength in Weft Direction
13886 N/mm2
(v). Tensile Modulus in Weft Direction, E2
2632 N/mm2
(vi). Shear Modulus G12
Flexural Properties
285 N/mm2
2 (i). Flexural Strength ISO 178- 1975(E)
11477 N/mm2
(ii). Flexural Modulus
Shear Strength
ASTM D2344 and ASTM 22 N/mm2
3 (i). Short Beam Method
D3846-02 13 N/mm2
(ii). Lap Shear
4 Izod Impact Energy ISO 180 – 1982 (E) 4.60 J/cm
BS 2782: Part 10: Method
5 Volume Fraction of Fibers 34 %
1002: 1977
ISO: 62 - 1980 (E) Method
6 Water absorption 0.13%
-1
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
Geometry and Reinforcement Details of RC Pile
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
Steel Mould used for casting Column
Wooden Mould used for casting Beams
Reinforcement Cage Water Proofing of Strain Gauges
Casting of Pile Specimen Cast Pile Specimen
Experimental Setup for
Failure Mode of Specimen CA1
Axial Compression
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
Cracking of Resin Just Before Failure of GFRP Wrap by
Rupture of Fabric in Specimen RTA1 Rupture in Specimen RTA1
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
Experimental Setup for Lateral Load
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
Hydrauli
Pile c Jack
specimen
Strong
Roller Concrete Test Concrete
Concret
A- Bearing block Floor block A-
Frame e block Frame
s
Concret
e block
Actuator
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
500kN Hydraulic Angular Bearing
Jack
Fixing the Beam with Channels
Jack arrangement for applying axial
Load
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
Data acquisition System for Applying Lateral
Displacements
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
Failure of Pile in Tension for Failure of concrete in compression
Specimen CL1 for Specimen CL1
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
Formation of Flexural Cracks Crushing Concrete on Compression
on Tension Side Side for Specimen CAL1
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
Failure or Pile Specimen RTCL1
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
4500
4000
3500
3000
Lateral Load (N)
2500
2000
1500
CL1
1000 RTL1
500
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Lateral Displacement (mm)
Comparison of Lateral Load Vs Lateral Displacement
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
Failure of Pile Specimen RTCA1
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
6000
5000
Lateral Load (N) 4000
3000
2000
CAL1
RTAL1
1000
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Lateral Displacement (mm)
Comparison of Lateral Load Vs Lateral Displacement
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
Cracking of Resin in Pile
Specimen RTAL2
Cracking of RC Pile Specimen
RTAL2
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
6000
5000
Lateral Load (N)
4000
3000
2000
CAL2
RTAL2
1000
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Lateral Displacement (mm)
Comparison of Lateral Load Vs Lateral Displacement
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
6000
5000
Lateral Load (N)
4000
3000
2000 RTL1
RTAL1
1000 RTAL2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Lateral Displacement (mm)
Lateral Load Vs Lateral Displacement Lateral Load Vs Lateral Displacement
for control Specimens for Retrofitted Specimens
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
1.2 Control Expt
Wrapped Expt
1 Control SP:16
Wrapped SP:16
0.8
2
Pu/fck D
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
3
Mu/fck D
Pu-Mu Curves
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
Tension cracks in Specimen CCYL1 Crushing of Concrete in Specimen CCYL1
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
Failure of Pile Specimen RHCYL1 by Rupture of Fabric
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
3000
3000
2000 2000
Lateral Load (N)
1000 1000
Lateral Load (N)
0 0
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300
-1000 -1000
-2000 -2000
-3000 -3000
Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm)
Hysteretic loops for Control and Rehabilitated Specimens
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
3000
2000
Lateral Load (N) 1000
CCYL1
RHCYL1
0
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300
-1000
-2000
-3000
Displacement (mm)
Stiffness curves for control and rehabilitated specimens
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
RESULTS
• The increase in ultimate axial load carrying capacity for the
retrofitted specimen over the control specimen is 58% for
specimen subjected to axial compression
• The lateral load carrying capacity of the pile increases by 52%,
67% and 28% when the specimen is subjected to zero, 1/3rd and
2/3rd ultimate axial compression for static lateral load.
• The increase in lateral load capacity for the retrofitted specimen
over the control specimen is 53%, 29% and 39% for specimen
subjected to lateral load with zero, 1/3rd and 2/3rd ultimate axial
compression.
• The control specimen subjected to cyclic lateral shows reduction
in stiffness after yielding. Where as the rehabilitated specimen
does not reduction and ductility performance is very good.
[Link], Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras
