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DC Machine Types and Generators Explained

The document discusses different types of DC machines including separately excited, shunt, series, and compound DC machines. It classifies DC machines based on how their field and armature circuits are connected. It then describes separately excited DC generators in detail, including how armature reaction can reduce the generated voltage due to flux saturation in the airgap. Compensating windings are also introduced to neutralize the magnetic effects caused by armature reaction.

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Gaurav Maithani
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11 views22 pages

DC Machine Types and Generators Explained

The document discusses different types of DC machines including separately excited, shunt, series, and compound DC machines. It classifies DC machines based on how their field and armature circuits are connected. It then describes separately excited DC generators in detail, including how armature reaction can reduce the generated voltage due to flux saturation in the airgap. Compensating windings are also introduced to neutralize the magnetic effects caused by armature reaction.

Uploaded by

Gaurav Maithani
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Classification of DC machines

DC Generators

- Separately excited

- Armature reaction
CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

Several possible connections for field and armature circuits


- classification of DC machines is determined by the way
they are connected

Separately excited dc machine

Ea


CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

Shunt dc machine

Ea


CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

Series dc machine

Ea


CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

Compound dc machine - short shunt

Ea


CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

Compound dc machine – long shunt

Ea


DC GENERATORS

Electrical input Mechanical output


ELECTRICAL
MACHINES
- Motor -

Electrical output Mechanical input


ELECTRICAL
MACHINES
- Generator -
DC GENERATORS

Power low from mechanical to electrical


Rotor is rotated by a prime mover at constant speed
Armature terminal is connected to a load

Electrical output Mechanical input


ELECTRICAL
MACHINES
- Generator -
DC GENERATORS

Separately excited DC generator

Ea


DC GENERATORS

Separately excited DC generator


Ra La

+ Lf Rfc
+ + RL
vf Rfw Ea Vt


 

Lf - Field winding inductance Ra – Armature winding resistance

La - Armature winding inductance


Rfc – External field resistance

LL – External Load
Rfw – Field winding resistance
DC GENERATORS

Separately excited DC generator


Ra La

+ Lf Rfc
+ + RL
vf Rfw Ea Vt


 

Under steady state condition Lf and La can be ‘removed’


DC GENERATORS

Separately excited DC generator


Ra

+ Rfc
+ + RL
vf Rfw Ea Vt


 

Under steady state condition Lf and La can be ‘removed’ from the circuit
DC GENERATORS

Separately excited DC generator


If Ra Ia
It

+ Rfc
+ + RL
vf Rfw Ea Vt


 

Vf = (Rfc + Rfw)If Ea = IaRa + Vt

Ea = K a  m

V t = I a RL , also It = Ia
DC GENERATORS

Separately excited DC generator

Terminal characteristic

Load characteristic
Vt Ea

IaRa

Operating point

Ea = IaRa + Vt

V t = I a RL
It
DC GENERATORS

Armature Reaction

Flux due to field winding alone

Airgap flux density

0  2 
DC GENERATORS

Armature Reaction

When armature current flows (i.e. terminal is connected to


the load), armature produces MMF

MMF produces results in flux which will ‘disturb’ field flux


DC GENERATORS

Armature Reaction

Flux at one side of the pole may saturate

Zero flux region shifted

Flux saturation, effective flux per pole decreases


DC GENERATORS

Armature Reaction

Ea Eao= Vto without load current

With Ia, AR causes


reduction in Ea since flux
per pole decreases
Ea = Vt + IaRa

Ifield
DC GENERATORS

Armature Reaction

Vt = Ea - IaRa

As Ia increases, Ea
reduces due to AR
DC GENERATORS

Armature Reaction

Vt = Ea - IaRa

Ea = Vt + IaRa

Since AR causes a decrease in Ea , the effect of AR can be considered


as a reduction in field current

If(eff) = If(actual) – If(AR)


DC GENERATORS

Armature Reaction

The mmf produced by rotor can be neutralized using compensating winding

Armature current flows in


compensating winding will cancel out
mmf produced by armature winding
DC GENERATORS

Compensating winding

Expensive and normally installed in


large machines

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