SHMEK “8 Shtatori” Tetovë

Detyrë Projektuese
Punoi: Qëndrim Muaremi
Tutori: Hava Hasani
The content
Egyptian pyramids……………………..3
Historycal development………………4
Pyramid symbolism………………………5
Great pyramid of Griza…………………..6
Zawyet el Ar yan……………………………..7
Saqqara……………………………………………8
Egyptian Pyramids
The Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid-shaped masonry structures
located in Egypt. As of November 2008, sources cite either 118 or 138 as
the number of identified Egyptian pyramids.[1][2] Most were built as tombs
for the country's pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and 
Middle Kingdom periods.
The earliest known Egyptian pyramids are found at Saqqara, northwest
of Memphis, although at least one step-pyramid-like structure has been
found at Saqqara, dating to the First Dynasty: Mastaba 3808, which has
been attributed to the reign of Pharaoh Anedjib, with inscriptions, and
other archaeological remains of the period, suggesting there may have
been others.[6] The otherwise earliest among these is the Pyramid of Djoser
 built c. 2630–2610 BC during the Third [Link] pyramid and its
surrounding complex are generally considered to be the world's oldest
monumental structures constructed of dressed masonry.
 The most famous Egyptian pyramids are those found at Giza, on the
outskirts of Cairo. Several of the Giza pyramids are counted among the
largest structures ever built.[9] The Pyramid of Khufu is the largest
Egyptian pyramid. It is the only one of the 
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in existence.

[Link]

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A view of the pyramids at Giza from the plateau to the south of the complex.
From left to right, the three largest are: the Pyramid of Menkaure, the 
Pyramid of Khafre and the Great Pyramid of Khufu. The three smaller
pyramids in the foreground are subsidiary structures associated with
Menkaure's pyramid.
Historical Development
By the time of Early Dynastic Period, those with sufficient means were buried
in bench-like structures known as mastabas.
The second historically-documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed to the
architect Imhotep,who planned what Egyptologists believe to be a tomb for the
pharaoh Djoser. Imhotep is credited with being the first to conceive the notion
of stacking mastabas on top of each other, creating an edifice composed of a
number of “steps” that decrease in size towards its apex. The result was the
Pyramid of Djoser, which was designed to serve as a gigantic stairway by
which the soul of the deceased pharaoh could ascend to the heavens. Such was
the importance of Imhotep’s achievement that he was defied by later
Al-Aziz Uthman (1171–1198), the second Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt, tried to
destroy the Giza pyramid complex. He gave up after only damaging the 
Pyramid of Menkaure because the task proved too huge.
Al-Malik al-Aziz Uthman ibn Salah ad-Din Yusuf was the person who tried to
destroy the pyramid because he didn’t believe in the same religion as the
pharaohs.

*Mastaba- an ancient Egyptian tomb consisting of an underground burial

“Al-Aziz Uthman” Revolvy 19th march<[Link]

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Pyramid Symbolism
The shape of Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the primordial mound
 from which the Egyptians believed the earth was created. The shape of a
pyramid is also thought to be representative of the descending rays of the sun,
and most pyramids were faced with polished, highly reflective white limestone,
in order to give them a brilliant appearance when viewed from a distance.
Pyramids were often also named in ways that referred to solar luminescence.
For example, the formal name of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur was The
Southern Shining Pyramid, and that of Senusret II at El Lahun was Senusret
Shines.
While it is generally agreed that pyramids were burial monuments, there is
continued disagreement on the particular theological principles that might
have given rise to them. One suggestion is that they were designed as a type of
"resurrection machine.”
The Egyptians believed the dark area of the night sky around which the
stars appear to revolve was the physical gateway into the heavens. One of
the narrow shafts that extend from the main burial chamber through the
entire body of the Great Pyramid points directly towards the center of this
part of the sky. This suggests the pyramid may have been designed to serve
as a means to magically launch the deceased pharaoh's soul directly into
the abode of the gods.
All Egyptian pyramids were built on the west bank of the Nile, which, as
the site of the setting sun, was associated with the realm of the dead in 
Egyptian mythology.

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GREAT PYRAMID OF
GIZA
The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) isthe
oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El
Giza, Egypt. It is the ołdest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to
remain largely [Link] on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a
reference to the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu, Egyptologists believe that the pyramid
was built as a tomb over a 10- to 20-year period concluding around 2560 BC. Initially at 146.5
metres (481 feet), theGreat Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for more
than 3,800 [Link], the Great Pyramid was covered by limestone casing stones that
formed a smooth outer surface; what is seen today is the underlying core structure. Some of the
casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base. There have been
varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid’s constriction techniques.
Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge
stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into [Link] are three known chambers
inside the Great Pyramid. The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid
was built and was unfinished. The so-called Queen's Chamber and King's Chamber are higher up
within the pyramid structure. The main part of the Giza complex is a set of buildings that included
two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu (one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile), three
smaller pyramids for Khufu's wives, an even smaller"satellite'" pyramid, a raised causeway
connecting the two temples, and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles.
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Zawyet el-Aryan
This site , halfway between Giza and Abusir , is the location for two unfinished Old Kingdom
pyramids. The northern structure’s owner is believed to be pharaoh Nebka, while the
southern structure ,known as the Layer Pyramid,may be attributable to the third Dynasty
pharaoh Khaba, a close successor of Sekhemkhet. If this attribution is correct , Khabas short
reign could explain the seemingly unfinished state of this step pyramid. Today stands
around 17m(56ft) high; had it been completed,its likely to have exceeded 40m(130ft).
Abusir
There are a total of 14 pyramids at this site, which served as the main royal necropolis
during the Fifth Dynasty. The quality of construction of the Abusir pyramids is inferior to
those of the Fourth Dynasty; perhaps signalling a decrease in royal power or a less vibrant
economy. They are smaller than their predecessors, and are built of low quality local stone.
All of the major pyramids at Abusir were built as step pyramids, although the largest of
them—the Pyramid of Neferirkare—is believed to have originally been built as a step
pyramid some seventy metres in height and then later transformed into a "true" pyramid by
having its steps filled in with loose masonry.
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Saqqara
Major pyramids located here include the Pyramid of Djoser - generally identified as the
world'soldest substantial monumental structure to be built of dressed stone - the Pyramid
of Userkaf,the Pyramid of Teti and the Pyramid of Merikare, dating to the First Intermediate
Period of [Link] at Saqgara is the Pyramid of Unas, of Khaemweset Userkaf, this
pyramid was the subject ofone of the earliest known restoration attempts, conducted by,a
son ofRamesses II. Saqqara isalso the location of the incomplete step pyramid of Djoser's
successor Sekhemkhet, known asthe Buried Pyramid. Archaeologists believe that had this
pyramid been completed which retainsa pyramid causeway that is one of the best-
preserved in Egypt. Together with the pyramid, itwould have been larger than
Djoser'[Link] of the main pyramid field at Saqgara is a second collection of later, smaller
pyramids,including those of Pepi I, Djedkare Isesi, Merenre, Pepi Ii and bi. Most of these are
in a poorstate of preservation.A previously unknown pyramid was discovered at north
Saqgara in late 2008. Believed to be thetomb of Teti's mother, it currently stands
approximately 5 m (16 ft) high, although the originalheight was closer to 14 m (46 ft).

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Dahshur
This area is arguably the most important pyramid field in Egypt outside Giza and Saqqara,although until
1996 the site was inaccessible due to its location withina military base and wasrelatively unknown
outside archaeological [Link] southern Pyramid of Sneferu, commonly known as the Bent Pyramid,
is believed to be thefirst Egyptian pyramid intended by its builders to bea "true" smooth-sided pyramid
from theoutset; the earlier pyramid at Meidum had smooth sides in its finished state - but it
wasconceived and built as a step pyramid, before having its steps flled in and concealed beneath
asmooth outer casing of dressed stone. As a true smooth-sided structure, the Bent Pyramid wasonly a
partial success - albeit a unique, visually imposing one; it is also the only major Egyptianpyramid to
retain a significant proportion of its original smooth outer limestone casing intact. Assuch it serves as
the best contemporary example of how the ancient Egyptians intended theirpyramids to look. Several
kilometres to the north of the Bent Pyrarmid is the last- and mostsuccessful- of the three pyramids
constructed during the reign of Sneferu; the Red Pyramid isthe world's first successfully completed
smooth-sided pyramid. The structure is also the thirdlargest pyramid in Egypt - after the pyramids of
Khufu and Khafra at [Link] at Dahshur is one of two pyramids built by Amenemhat III, known as the
Black Pyramid, aswell as a number of small, mostly ruined subsidiary pyramids.
3 Brian Handwerk "Pyramids at Giza," National Geographic 19 March
2019<<https:/[Link]/archaeology-and-history/archaeologv/giza-pyramids/>>

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Conclusion
Architecturally, pyramids and temples throughout Ancient Egypt prove to show complexity indesign, in
which time and effort contributed significantly to the Egyptian culture. The detailed symbolism produced
by the architectural structures helped strengthen a deeper understanding of the journey and life of the
Egyptians. Taking the development of this architecture into consideration , I appreciate the dedication
and hard work that went into completing these structures that portray such strong meaning, honoring
powerful and religious figures. The dedication of craftsmanship and accuracy helped powerful leaders
and gods continue their journey through life. In modern day, the formation and symbolism helps uncover
hidden mysteries that lie deep below the ancient word. Through all the components, society is able to
spend countless time using ideas and beliefs to perfect architectural pieces being [Link], we
are continuously driven to gain and search for more information about this particular ancient [Link]
building the pyramids there were more then 20.000 to 25.000 workers to finish the pyramid that could
have taken 10 to 15 years to complete or maybe the entire lifetime of that pharaoh. Into days world if we
built a pyramid we would use less workers and that would take less time, but it would not compare to the
old [Link] pyramids have been around for thousands of years one of them stands out the most, as one
of the seven wonders of the world for it's size, beauty, etc. is the pyramid of Giza. Today many tourists
come to visit ,take pictures, they buy souvenirs. If pharaoh were alive i think they would be proud for the
job they have done. People will continue to remember them for thousands of years.

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LITERATURE
[Link] pyramids
https:/[Link]/wiki/Pyramid
[Link]
history/archaeology/giza-pyramids/
[Link]