SAMPLIN
G DESIGN
PRESENTED BY :-
SIDDHARTH KISHAN
SAMPLE
In statistics, a sample is a subset of a population.
Typically, the population is very large, making a
census or a complete enumeration of all the
values in the population impractical or impossible.
The sample represents a subset of manageable
size.
Samples are collected and statistics are
calculated from the samples so that one can make
inferences or extrapolations from the sample to the
population.
• Sample -- contacting a portion of the
population (e.g., 10% or 25%)
– best with a very large population (n)
– easiest with a homogeneous population.
• Census -- the entire population
– most useful is the population ("n") is
small
– or the cost of making an error is high
TERMINOLOGY…
Population
The entire group of people of interest from whom
the researcher needs to obtain information.
Element (sampling unit)
one unit from a population
Sampling
The selection of a subset of the population
Sampling Frame
Listing of population from which a sample is chosen
Census
A polling of the entire population
Survey
A polling of the sample
Parameter
The variable of interest.
Statistic
The information obtained from the sample about the
parameter.
Goal
To be able to make inferences about the population
parameter from knowledge of the relevant statistic –
to draw general conclusions about the entire body of
units.
Critical Assumption
The sample chosen is representative of the
population.
SAMPLING
Sampling is that part of statistical
practice concerned with the selection of
a subset of individual observations
within a population of individuals
intended to yield some knowledge about
the population of concern, especially for
the purposes of making predictions
based on statistical inference.
Census and Sample Survey…
They are two options for the collection of data.
There are :-
Census.
Sampling or Sample survey.
Census
It is a process of obtaining responses
from/about each of the members of the
population.
Determination of size of population of a
country is an example of census., which is
known as the Population Census.
Sampling
The process of obtaining information from a
subset (sample) of a larger group (population).
The results for the sample are then used to make
estimates of larger group.
Faster and cheaper than asking the entire
population.
Two Keys:-
1. Selecting the right people.
2. Selecting the right number of the right
people.
Why Sample instead of taking a
Census?
Less expensive
Less time-consuming
More accurate
Some sample can lead to statistical
interference about the entire population.
Population vs. Sample
Sample Population
We measure the sample using statistics in order to draw
inferences about the population and its parameters.
Characteristics of Good Samples
Representative.
Accessible.
Low Cost.
This is a bad sample…
SAMPLE
POPULATION
This is very bad sample…
SAMPLE
POPULATION
Steps involved in Sampling Design
Before starting with the sampling, following steps
or points taken into consideration :-
1. Type of Universe/Population.
2. Sampling Unit.
3. Source List.
4. Size of sample.
5. Parameters of Interest.
6. Budgetary constraint
7. Sampling procedure.
1. Type of Universe/Population
First step is to clearly define the set of objects
which is technically called the Universe., which is
to be studied.
Universe can be finite or infinite.
In finite universe, the no. of items can be are
certain, whereas in infinite universe the no. of
items is not certain.
Examples:-
Finite universe – No. of workers in a factory, no.
of patients in a hospital.
Infinite universe – no. of stars in sky, tv viewers.
2. Sampling Unit
A Sampling Unit can be a
Geographical unit – State ,city ,district ,
village ,etc .
Social unit - family, club, community, school,
office, hospital, etc.
Construction unit - house, flat, building, lodge,
etc.
3. Source List
Also known as ‘Sampling frame’ from which
sample is to be drawn.
Contains the names of all items of a universe.
Source list should be comprehensive, correct,
reliable and appropriate.
The source list should be as representative of
the population as possible.
4. Size of the sample
It refers to the no. of items to be selected from the
universe to constitute a sample.
Size of the sample should be optimum.
When deciding the size, researcher must
determine the desired precision as also an
acceptable confidence level for estimate.
Budgetary constraint must taken into
consideration while deciding the sample size.
5. Parameters of interest
Specific population parameters which are of
interest should be considered while determining
the sample design.
6. Budgetary constraint
Cost have a major impact upon decisions
relating to not only size of the sample but also
the type of sample.
7. Sampling procedure
Researcher must decide the type of
technique to be used in selecting the items for
the sample.
Several sample designs are available out of
which the researcher must choose one for the
study.
Criteria of selecting a sampling procedure
1. Inappropriate sampling frame:-
If the sampling frame is inappropriate then it will
result in a systematic bias.
Criteria of selecting a sampling procedure
2. Defective measuring device:-
If there is error in measuring device it will
result in systematic bias.
Eg:- In survey work, systematic bias can result
if the questionnaire or the interviewer is
biased.
Similarly, if the physical measuring device is
defective there will be systematic bias in the
data collected through such a measuring
device.
Criteria of selecting a sampling
procedure…
3. Indeterminancy Principle:-
Sometimes the individuals act differently when kept under
observation than what they do when kept in non-observed
situations.
Eg:- For instance, if workers are aware that somebody is
observing them in course of work study on the basis of
which the average length of time to complete a task will be
determined and accordingly the quota will be set for piece
work, they generally tend to work slowly in comparision to
the speed with which they work if kept unobserved. Thus,
the indeterminancy principle may also be a cause of a
systematic bias.
Criteria of selecting a sampling
procedure…
4. Natural bias in the reporting of data:-
Natural bias of reporting of data is often the cause of
a systematic bias in many inquiries.
Eg:- There is usually a downward bias in the income
data collected by government taxation department,
whereas we find an upward bias in the income tax
data collected by some social organisation. People
in general understate their incomes if asked about if
for tax purpose, but they overstate the same if asked
for social status or their affluence.
Sampling methods
Sampling method is divided into two categories
which is given by:-
Probability sampling
Non Probability sampling
Probability sampling
Probability sampling is further classified
into 5 methods or types:-
Simple random sampling
Systemic sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Multi-stage sampling
1. Simple random sampling
• Most widely used method for
sampling
• Ensures law of statistical
regularity
• The sample is mostly have
same composition and
characteristics of Population
• Each possible sample has
equal chance of being of
selected
• Divided into two types
random sampling with
replacement
random sampling without
replacement
Simple random sampling
Random sampling with replacement :-
Each unit has equal chance of being
selected given by the formula, selection
of each unit = 1/N
Selection is using random number table
or computer method
Simple random sampling
Random sampling without replacement :-
Each unit has varying probability of being
selected
Probability of selection of first unit = 1/N
Probability of selection of second unit = 1/
N-1
Probability of selection of nth unit = 1/ N-(
n-1)
2. Systemic sampling
Special kind of random sampling
Selection of first unit of sample is based
on randomization
Remaining unit are selected at a fixed
interval
e.g. the size of population is (N) 500,
sample (n) size is 50, then units of
sample frame are divided as N/n, 500/50
= 10
3. Stratified sampling
• Sampling has more statistical
efficiency
• Population divided into specific
set of strata
• Each strata is homogenous as
compared to whole population
• Members within each strata
has similar attributes but
members between strata has
dissimilar attributes
• Objective is to select sample of
size n such that, n = n1+n2+n3+
…….+nk
Types of stratified sampling
Proportional stratified sampling
if the variance between members of
within each stratum is zero or less
ni is decided based on following
relationship
n1/N1 = n2/N2 = n3/N3 = ……..= nk/Nk = n/N
Disproportional stratified sampling
when the variance between members
of each strata is more
4. Cluster sampling
Population is divided into
different cluster
Members in each cluster
are dissimilar in terms of
their attributes.
Different clusters are
similar to each other
Each cluster can be
regarded as small
population itself
Anyone cluster is randomly
selected to arrive at
inferrence
5. Multi stage sampling
Useful when large scale survey is carried
out
Advices more than one stage to sample
the population
Combination of types of sampling
techniques is used depending upon reality
Multi stage sampling reduces the size of
overall sampling frame
E.g. – study of male to female sex ratio
Non-probability Sampling
The Non-Probability Sampling is another method
of sampling and is further divided into:-
Convenience sampling
Judgment sampling
Quota sampling
Snowball sampling
1. Convenience sampling
• Interviewer will decide the choice of
sampling units based on their convenience.
• In most of the cases, following may be true:
the sampling unit may be distributed
sparsely many respondents will refuse to
fill the questionnaire some respondents will
not cooperate some of the interviewers
may not be serious in selecting the
sampling units as per planned.
2. Judgment sampling
Sampling units are selected on the
advice of some expert or by
intuition/opinion of researcher itself.
There are more chance of personal
biases.
Sampling technique applied for sampling
of population related to rare events.
3. Quota sampling
Population is divided based on some
criterion
The proportions of the numbers of
sampling units selected from these
criterions are same as the population
Later while selecting the required
number of sampling units from each
category, we can use any other non-
probability technique
4. Snowball sampling
Restrictive multi stage sampling
Initially certain number of sampling units
are randomly selected
Later additional sampling units are
selected based on referral process
Additional respondents are selected
based on the references made by those
initial respondents
Reference & Bibliography
[Link]
Research Methodology – by R. PANNEERSELVAM
Research Methodology – by C.R. KOTHARI
Introduction to Survey Sampling – by KAREN F RETZER