Reaction turbine
BY Engineer Ghulam Murtaza
ALL ABOUT REACTION TURBINE
CONTENT
WHAT IS REACTION TURBINE?
MAIN OF REACTION TURBINE
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF REACTION TURBINE
TYPES OF REACTION TURBINE
POWER PRODUCE BY REACTION TURBINE
EFFICIENCIES OF REACTION TURBINE
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF REACTION TURBINE FUNCTION
DRAFT TUBE
DIFFERNCE BETWEEEN IMULSE TURBINE AND REACTION TURBINE
What Is Reaction A Reaction Turbine is a type
Turbine? of turbine that develops:
Torque: by reacting to the
pressure or weight of a fluid
The operation of reaction turbines is
described by Newton's Third Law
Of Motion (action and reaction are
equal and opposite).
Reaction turbines are medium to
low-head, and high-flow rate
devices
MAIN COMPONENTS OF REACTION TURBUINE
Spiral casing: The water from a pipeline is distributed around the guide ring in a
casing.
The casing is design in such a way that the cross sectional area goes on reducing
uniformly around the circumference.
Guide mechanism: The guide mechanism are fixed between two ring in the form of a
wheel.
Allow the water to enter without any shock.
Allow the water to flow over them without forming eddies.
Allow the required quantity of water to enter the turbine.
Turbine Runner: The runner of reaction turbine consists of runner blades fixed either to
a shaft or rings ,depending upon the type of the turbine. the blades is properly design in
order to allow the water to enter and leave the runner without any shok.
Draft tube: The water after passing through the runner flows through the tube called
draft tube.
WORKING PRINCIPLE In a reaction turbine, forces driving the
OF REACTION TURBINE Rotor are achieved by the reaction of an
accelerating water flow in the runner
while the pressure drops.
The reaction principle can be observed in
a rotary lawn sprinkler where the
emerging jet drives the rotor in the
opposite direction.
It is not possible to regulate the flow
without loss.
TYPES OF REACTION TURBINE
There are mainly two types of Reaction Turbines.
They are as follows-
Radially Flow Reaction Turbine
Axial Flow Turbine
Mixed flow turbine
RADIAL FLOW REACTION TURBINE
RADIAL FLOW REACTION TURBINE
Radially Inward Flow Reaction
Turbine
If a water flows from outward
to inward
RADIAL FLOW REACTION TURBINE
Radially Outward
Flow Reaction
Turbine:
If a water flows from
inward to outward.
REACTION TURBINE
Free-flow Turbines: generate
Mixed Flow Turbine: The water enters the
electricity from the kinetic runner in the radial direction and leaves in
energy present in flowing axial direction. Example: Modern
water rather than the potential Francis turbine.
energy from the head.
Radially Flow Reaction Turbine: Axial Flow Turbine: The flow of
In radial turbine water flows in water is in the direction parallel
radial direction to the axis of the shaft
The water may flow radially . Example: Kaplan turbine and
from outward to inward or propeller turbine.
inward to outward.
Axial Flow Turbine
The flow of water is
in the direction
parallel to the axis of
the shaft
. Example:
• Kaplan Turbine
• Propeller Turbine.
• The Kaplan turbine is a water turbine like
KAPLAN TURBINE propeller turbine which has adjustable
blades and is used for low heads and high
discharges.
• It was developed in 1913 by the Austrian
professor Viktor Kaplan.
• The Kaplan turbine is an inward
flow reaction turbine, which means that the
working fluid changes pressure as it
moves through the turbine and gives up its
energy.
• The inlet is a scroll-shaped tube that wraps
around the turbine's wicket gate. Water is
directed tangentially through the wicket
gate and spirals on to a propeller shaped
runner, causing it to spin.
• The Kaplan turbine having drop height: 10
- 700 m and Flow rate 4 - 55 m3/s
KAPLAN TURBINE
COMPONENTS
• Kaplan turbines are widely used
throughout the world for
electrical power production.
They cover the lowest head
hydro sites and are especially
suited for high flow conditions.
• Inexpensive micro turbines on
the Kaplan turbine model are
manufactured for individual
power production with as little as
two feet of head.
• Large Kaplan turbines are
individually designed for each
site to operate at the highest
possible efficiency, typically
over 90%. They are very
expensive to design, manufacture
and install, but operate for
decades.
• A propeller turbine generally has a runner with
three to six blades in which the water contacts all
PROPELLER TURBINE.
of the blades constantly.
• Through the pipe, the pressure is constant; if it
isn't, the runner would be out of balance.
• The pitch of the blades may be fixed or
adjustable.
• The major components besides the runner are a
scroll case, wicket gates, and a draft tube. There are
several different types of propeller turbines:
BULB TURBINE
The turbine and generator are a sealed unit placed
directly in the water stream.
STRAFLO
The generator is attached directly to the perimeter
of the turbine.
TUBE TURBINE
The penstock bends just before or after the runner,
allowing a straight line connection to the generator.
MIXED FLOW TURBINE:
The water enters the runner in
the radial direction and leaves
in axial direction.
Example: Modern Francis
turbine.
FRANCIS TURBINE • The Francis turbine is a type of water
turbine that was developed by James
[Link] and are used for medium
head(45-400 m) and medium
discharge.(10-700 m^3/s)
• The Francis turbine is a type of
reaction turbine in which the working
fluid comes to the turbine under
immense pressure and the energy is
extracted by the turbine blades from
the working fluid.
• The turbine's exit tube is shaped to help
decelerate the water flow and recover
the pressure.
• Water flow is radial from exterior to
interior.
• Francis type units cover a head
range from 40 to 600 m (130 to
2,000 ft).
• Its efficiency decreases as flow
decreases.
• They also be
for
may used
pumped
reservoir is filled
storage,
by thewhere
turbinea
(acting as a pump) driven by the
generator acting as a large
electrical motor during periods
of low power demand.
POWER PRODUCE BY REACTION TURBINE
The power produce by reaction turbine is given by the relation:
P=WQH KW
W=Specific weight of water
Q=Discharge of the turbine in meter cube per second
H=Head of water in meter
EFFICIENCIES OF REACTION TURBINE
Hydraulic efficiency: It the ratio of work done on the wheel to the head of water
actually supplied to the turbine:
Mechanical efficiency : It is the ratio the actual work available at the turbine to the
energy imparted to the wheel.
Overall efficiency: it is a measure of the performance of a
Turbine and the ratio of power produce by the turbine.
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF REACTION TURBINE
ADVANTAGES OF REACTION TURBINE-
It has an extreme capacity to use high pressures and high temperatures.
It is a oil free exhaust system.
Its blade efficiency is very high.
Very high rotational speed.
Less space required for the installation.
•DISADVANTAGES OF REACTION TURBINES-
If gears are implemented it would be possible to vary speed on the
requirement.
The reversibility of steam turbine cannot be prepared.
It recovers less energy per space.
The blade tips wear a lot.
Generates opposite thrust force.
DRAFT TUBES
It is pipeline which connects the turbine and the tail or the outlet channel
through which the water exchausted from the the runner , flow to the
outlet channel.
Types of Draft tubes
1-Conical Draft tubes
2-Elbow Draft tubes
Conical Draft tube:
In conical draft tube the diameter of the tube gradually increasing from
the outlet of the runner to the channel .The conical draft tube is use in
Francis turbine . For good efficiency the flaring angle is kept about 8
degree.
Elbow Draft tube:
In elbow draft tube the bend of the draft tube is generally 90 degree and
Area gradually increases from the outlet of the runner to the channel .
The elbow draft tube is commonly use in Kaplan turbine.
EFFICIENCY OF DRAFT TUBE
The efficiency of the draft tube may is following: