STUDIES ON REMOVAL OF
METHYLENE BLUE DYE BY
A NOVEL ACTIVATED
CARBON PREPARED FROM
THESPESIA POPULNEA
WASTE BIOMASS
CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
[Link] AND METHODS
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5. EFFECT OF CORBON DOSAGE
6. ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS
7. CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
DYES ARE COLOURED COMPOUNDS WHICH ARE
WIDELY USED IN TEXTILES, PRINTING, RUBBER, COSMETICS,
PLASTICS, LEATHER INDUSTRIES TO COLOUR THEIR PRODUCTS RESULTS
IN GENERATING A LARGE AMOUNT OF COLOURED WASTEWATER.
MAINLY DYES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO ANIONIC, CATIONIC, AND NON-
IONIC DYES. AMONG ALL THE DYES USING IN INDUSTRIES, TEXTILE
INDUSTRIES PLACED IN THE FIRST POSITION IN USING OF DYES FOR
COLORATION OF FIBRE [1]. DYES ARE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS WHICH
ATTACH THEMSELVES TO FABRICS OR SURFACE SHELLS TO IMPART
COLOUR.
DEPOLARIZATION OF WASTE WATER FROM TEXTILE AND
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IS A MAJOR CHALLENGE FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGERS [2] AS DYES ARE WATER SOLUBLE AND
PRODUCE VERY BRIGHT COLOURS IN WATER WITH ACIDIC PROPERTIES.
IT HAS BEEN PROJECTED THAT TEXTILE AND MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRIES ARE USING MORE THAN 10,000 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
(WORLDWIDE) DYES AND THE CONSUMPTION OF DYES IN TEXTILE
INDUSTRY IS MORE THAN 1000 TONES/YEAR AND ABOUT 10-15% OF
THESE DYES ARE DISCHARGED INTO WASTE STREAMS AS EFFLUENTS
DURING THE DYEING PROCESSES [1].
ADSORPTION
ADSORPTION IS USED AS TOP QUALITY TREATMENT PROCEDURES FOR THE
REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC POLLUTANTS LIKE DYES FROM INDUSTRIAL
WASTE WATER. ADSORPTION IS DEFINED AS CONCENTRATION OF MATERIALS ON
THE SURFACE OF SOLID BODIES.
ADSORPTION IS A SURFACE PHENOMENON WHICH DEALS PRIMARILY WITH THE
UTILIZATION OF SURFACE FORCES. WHEN A SOLUTION HAVING ABSORBABLE
SOLUTE, ALSO CALLED AS ADSORBATE, COMES INTO CONTACT WITH A SOLID,
CALLED AS ADSORBENT, WITH HIGHLY POROUS SURFACE STRUCTURE LIQUID-
SOLID INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION CAUSES THE SOLUTE TO BE
CONCENTRATED AT THE SOLID SURFACE.
ADSORPTION IS ONE OF THE UNIT OPERATIONS IN THE CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
PROCESSES USED FOR THE SEPARATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
POLLUTANTS.
DYE REMOVAL BY
ADSORPTION
WHILE SEARCHING FOR CHEAP AND EXISTED LOW COST ADSORBENTS USED FOR
THE REMOVAL OF DYES FROM WASTE WATER.
ACTIVATED RICE HUSK USED AS CHEAP ADSORBENT FOR DYE REMOVAL FROM
WASTE WATER [10].
HAMDAOUI [11] STATED THAT MAXIMUM ADSORPTION OF METHYLENE BLUE, BASIC
DYE, ONTO CEDAR SAWDUST AND CRUSHED BRICK WAS 60 AND 40 MG L-1,
RESPECTIVELY.
REVIEW OF
LITERATURE
Different methods of dye removal :
Few of the common techniques used for treatment of waste water
streams polluted by dye are discussed below:
Filtration:
There are different types of filtration process such as ultra-filtration,
micro filtration, reverse osmosis, nano-filtration etc. Each of them are
used for different purposes. Nano and ultra- filtration are the two
types of processes that are generally used for treatment of waste water
stream for removal of dyes. Drawback of this method is clogging of the
pores which makes it an inefficient process. [47]
CHEMICAL TREATMENT:
In this method coagulating and flocculating agents are used for dye removal.
Ions such as Aluminium (Al3+), Calcium (Ca2+) etc. induces flocculation.
Though the process is very feasible, the disadvantage of this method is the
production of concentrated sludge due to which disposal becomes a problem.
[47]
OXIDATION PROCESS:
Oxidizing agent are used in treatment of effluent streams. Chemical oxidation
and UV assisted oxidation are the two common types in this process. These use
low quantities of agent and short time for reaction. But the drawback of this
process is formation of sludge [47], and (H2O2) agent need activation for
efficient performance [46].
ADSORPTION USING ACTIVATED CARBON:
Of the various methods explained and enlisted above adsorption is one of the
most commonly used methods for removal of cationic dyes from industrial
effluents. In this process the adsorbate or dye molecules adhere to surface of
adsorbent. Adsorption is widely applicable for removal of wide range of dyes.
The disadvantage of adsorption is the cost of adsorbent which makes it
economically infeasible. In this paper we are reviewing different sources of
agricultural waste from which activated carbon is prepared and can be used as
adsorbent. By this method the process can be made economical.
APPLICATIONS OF
ACTIVATED CARBON
THE UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF ACTIVATED CARBON FIND ITS
WAY TO FOLLOWING APPLICATIONS:
1. WATER PURIFICATION
2. GAS PURIFICATION
3. GOLD AND PRECIOUS METAL RECOVERY
4. PHARMACEUTICALS AND DRUG INDUSTRY
5. THERMAL AND NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS
6. WASTE WATER TREATMENT
7. PETROLEUM
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
BATCH EXPERIMENTS
Batch experiments were conducted in bottles of 125 ml capacity.
100 ml of the solution containing predetermined concentration of
the MB dye under investigation was taken in the bottles.
After the addition of known amount of adsorbent, the bottles were
equilibrated for a predetermined period of time in an mechanical
shaker (120 rpm).
At the end of the equilibration period, the dye solution is taken and
the residual dye in solution was determined. The pH of the dye
solution was adjusted by using digital pH meter.
The amount of dye adsorbed at time t, qt and at equilibrium qe
was calculated from the mass balance equation:
Where, qt is the amount of dye adsorbed (mg/g) at time t, C0 is
the initial dye ion concentration (mg/L), Ct is the dye adsorbent
(mg/L) at time t, V is the volume of solution (ml) and m is the
mass of the adsorbent (g). When t is equal to equilibrium
contact time, Ct = Ce , qt = qe, then the amount of dye ion
adsorbed at equilibrium, qe, is calculated using equation.
RESULTS & ISCUSSION
FTIR analysis of activated carbon
The surface chemical characteristics of TSAC was determined by
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and the
spectrum is given in Fig. 3.
The peak at 3388 cm−1 is attributed to the stretching vibration of
O–H band and aliphatic, asymmetric C–H stretching vibration of
methylene group [9]. The peaks at 2931 cm-1 in the spectra are due
to stretching vibration of C-H. The band at 1750–1700 cm−1
represents the acidic carbonyl C=O stretching.
The peak at 1708 cm−1 is attributed to the vibration of –COOH
band [10,11]. The peaks around 1000–1300 cm−1 presents C-O
stretching in phenols, alcohols, acids, ethers and esters. These
groups participate in MB adsorption to TSAC. The surface of
carbon materials is, in general, rich in a variety of surface
functional groups among which the C–O type groups are
predominant and they form in ethers, acids and esters.
FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of carboxylic and phenolic
surface groups on the TSAC. There are hydroxyl groups (3388 cm−1;
O–H stretching mode) present in the IR spectrum of the functionalized
TSAC (see Fig. 1).
Effect of carbon dosage:
The various concentration of adsorbent was taken in a 100 ml conical
flask. Methylene blue concentration of 20 ppm was taken in that 100 ml
conical flask The flask was put in a shaker at 115 rpm and 35 °C. Various
amounts of concentration of adsorbent was taken inside 5 different
conical flasks of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 & 1 gm respectively.
Samples were kept in each conical flask for a period of 40 min. The %
absorbance at 664 nm was found out using a UV-spectrophotometer.
The amount of adsorbent dosage was varied in the given range 0.2
gm, 0.4 gm, 0.6 gm, 0.8 gm & 1 g m . It was observed from the graphs
that increasing the dosage increases the % removal of methylene blue.
As there was no drastic increase in the adsorption rate on increasing
the dosage of adsorbent beyond 1.0 gm of activated carbon, hence, from
economic point of view, 1.0 gm was taken as optimum dosage for
removal of methylene blue. It can be attributed to the increase in
adsorbent sites for more adsorption of the dye at the fixed 20 ppm.
From the Fig 6, it was observed that the percentage adsorption of MG
dye using TSAC is increased with an increase of the carbon dosage due
to the increase of the activated sites available for adsorption.
ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS:
Several models of adsorption isotherm are available in the
literature. The most common among them are Freundlich and
Langmuir isotherm.
In the present study the data obtained were tested for these
two isotherms to study the relationship between the amounts of
dye adsorbed with the equilibrium concentration and to find
out the possibility of monolayer or multilayer adsorption.
The linear logarithmic form of Freundlich isotherm is given
by,
where qe = x/m is the amount of dye adsorbed, Ce the
equilibrium concentration, k and n are the constants. When log
qe was plotted against logCe a straight line was obtained with
slope logk and y – intercept.
From the Fig.7, Freundlich isotherm is less fitted to the present
adsorption study due to the less correlation coefficient value of 0.945.
The linear form of Langmuir isotherm is given by,
where qο is the equilibrium constant, b is monolayer capacity, Ce is
the equilibrium concentration and qe = x/m is the amount adsorbed per
unit mass of the adsorbent.
A plot of Ce/qe against Ce over the entire concentration range is a
straight line with a slope of 1/q0 and the intercept of 1/ q0b.
A straight line was obtained when Ce/qe was plotted against Ce with a
correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.999 indicating that the present study of
data follow Langmuir isotherm (Fig.8).
The Langmuir constants are given in Table .
CONCLUSION
The present study indicates that activated carbon obtained from Thespesia
populnea waste biomass is an effective adsorbent of methylene blue dye.
The extent of adsorption decreases with increase in initial dye concentration,
increases with increase in adsorbent dosage, adsorption time and pH.. For
adsorption isotherm we plotted both for Langmuir & Freundlich models & it
was observed that regression coefficient came close to 1.
So both the models can be fitted for the data that was obtained during
experiment. However Langmuir Isotherm is more accurate because regression
coefficient was R2 = 0.999 as comparison to R2 = 0.945 for Freundlich
Isotherm.
So, the adsorption of methylene blue dye on activated carbon obeys Langmuir
adsorption isotherm and the rate of sorption was found to obey pseudo-
second order kinetics with a good correlation coefficient.
Hence after carrying out rigorous experiments we finally came to conclusion
that activated carbon prepared from Thespesia populnea biomass can be
effectively used for the removal of methylene blue effectively.
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