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The study of steady state stability is concerned with the
determination of the upper limit of machine loadings before loosing
synchronism provided the loading is increased gradually. When an
ac generators were driven by reciprocating steam engines one of
the major problems in the operation of machinery was caused by
sustained oscillations in speed or O . Due to the periodic
variations in the torque applied to generators. The variations
caused in voltage and frequency were transmitted to the motors
connected to the system. Oscillations of the motors caused by the
variations in voltage and frequency sometimes cause the motors to
loose synchronism entirely if there natural frequency of oscillation
coincided with the frequency of oscillation caused by the engines
driving the generators. Maintaining synchronism between the
various parts of the power systems became increasingly difficult.
This leads to the awakening of ´The stability problemµ.
The power system engineer is faced with a variable load
ranging from minimum to maximum at or near a constant value of
voltage. Voltage is a very important factor. The induction motor
draws more current for the same torque when operated at lower
voltages. The power transfer problem becomes much more
complicated by the presence of synchronous machines in the
electrical power system. If transfer of power is more than a certain
value known as steady stability limit, the machines may fall out of
step and supply of customers may be affected. The magnitude of
power that can be transmitted from a source to synchronous or
asynchronous loads depends upon the range of voltage that is
available from the source which may be tolerated by the load.
Power system stability initiates the synchronism between the power
system components.
Ytability means ability of the system to return to its
normal and stable operation after having been
subjected to some form of disturbance.
Instability means a condition denoting loss of
synchronism or falling out of step.
Y Y Y
In this we basically concentrate on
restricting the bus voltages close to their nominal values. We also
ensure that phase angles between two buses are not too large and
check for the overloading of the power equipment and
transmission lines. These checks are usually done using power
flow studies.
? Y
Involves the study of the power system
following a major disturbance. Following a large disturbance the
synchronous alternator the machine power (load) angle changes
due to sudden acceleration of the rotor shaft.
In a power system stability problems, a
system is said to be dynamically stable if the oscillations do not
acquire more than certain amplitude and die out quickly i.e.
system is well damped. Dynamic stability can be significantly
improved by the use of power system stabilizers.
ÚWhat is ´swinging ´ of the machines?
ÚYWING EQUATION: Governs the rotational
dynamics of the synchronous machine in
stability analysis.
ÚYwing equation:
The Ywing Equation (pu) is given as
(2H /Ws)(d2Ñ/dt2) = Pm (pu) ² Pe (pu)
ÚYtability indicator.
- 6wst
Ú This form of instability results from the inability to maintain
synchronism due to the continual changes in load and
generation.
Thus, Yteady state stability is defined as the ability of the
system to restore its initial condition after the small disturbances
Ú IMPORTANCE OF YTEADY YTATE YTABILITY IN POWER
YYYTEM:
Ú Yafe operating limits
Ú Yetting of controls
Ú
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ÚPoint C represents the maximum power that can be
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ÚFor loading > Pmax there are no equilibria.
ÚPmax is the YTEADY YTATE YTABILITY limit, i.e., the
maximum operating power below which stability is
guaranteed for sufficiently small changes
Ú By reducing X and increasing |E| or |V| or both.
Ú Use of two parallel lines.
Ú Higher excitation voltage and quick excitation system.
2.
a) Increases power transfer capability.
b) Improved power and voltage control.
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CALCULATIONS RELATED TO EQUAL AREA CRITERIA
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TRANSIENT STABILITY GOVERNING FACTOR
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External:6 a) Lightning
Internal:6 a) Ywitching
b) Insulation Failure
c) Resonance
d) Arcing Ground
Ë. Improve the maximum power transfer capability.
2. Use of high speed excitation system.
3. Implement single pole switching.
4. Use of high speed of reclosing breakers.
5. Breaking resistors.
Dynamic stability is made possible by the action of
fast acting voltage regulators which are capable of
changing the flux at a faster rate.
The system does not operate on a single power
angle curve.
It can significantly improved through the use of
power system stabilizers.
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At the power transfer limit
(steady6state stability), the
generator falls out of
synchronism as a result of a
small transient phenomenon on
the network
Transient stability is lost as a
result of a fault on the network;
the generator accelerates
(speeds up) after the loss of
synchronism
Dynamic stability is lost as a
result of sustained power angle
oscillations caused by a fault
Whether the system is stable on occurrence of fault
depends not only on the system itself, but also on
the type of fault, rapidity of clearing and method of
clearing.
The transient stability limit is almost lower than the
steady state limit, but unlike the latter, it may exhibit
different values depending on the nature , location
and magnitude of disturbance.
cRESENTED BY:
Ë. VINAY KUMAR RAJPUT
2. YUPRAVA CHAKRABORTY
3. MAYUMI CHAKRABORTY
4. JAYMEET DUA
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