CE 323
Theory of Structures 1
PREPARED BY: EDGAR B. MANUBAG, CE,
PHD
Required Text: Structural Analysis, 8th ed.
Author: R.C. Hibbeler
Distribution of Grades:
Assignment/Seat works: 15 %
Plates : 15 %
Quizzes: 30 %
Exam: 40 %
Total: 100%
Chapter 1
Types of Structures
and Loads
Classification of Structures
Structural Elements
Tie Rods. Structural members subjected to tensile force are often referred
to as tie rods or bracing struts.
Beams. Beams are usually horizontal members used primarily to carry
vertical loads.
Columns. Members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive
loads are referred to as columns.
Types of Structures
Trusses. When the span of a structure is required to be large and its depth
is not an important criterion for design, a truss may be selected.
Trusses consist of slender elements, usually arranged in triangular
fashion.
Cables and Arches. Cables are usually flexible and carry their loads in
tension. The arch achieves its strength in compression, since it
has a reverse curvature to that of the cable.
con’t.
Frames. Frames are often used in buildings and are composed of beams
and columns that are either pin or fixed connected.
Surface Structures. A surface structure is made from a material having a very
small thickness compared to its dimensions. Surface structures
may also be made up of rigid material such as reinforced concrete. As
such they may be shaped as folded plates, cylinders, or hyperbolic
paraboloids, and are referred to as thin plates or shells.
Loads
Dead Loads. Dead loads consist of the weights of the various structural
members and the weights of any objects that are permanently
attached to the structure.
Live [Link] loads can vary both in their magnitude and location. They may
be caused by the weights of the objects temporarily placed on a
structure, moving vehicles, or natural forces.
Con’t.
Building Loads. The floors of buildings are assumed to be subjected to
uniform live loads , which depend on the purpose for which
the building is designed.
(See Table 1.4- Minimum Live Loads)
Bridge Loads. The design live loadings for highway bridges as specified
in the code of the American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Office (AASHTO).
Con’t.
Wind Loads. When structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic energy
is converted into potential energy of pressure, which causes a
wind loading.
Snow Loads. In some parts of the country, roof loading due to snow can be
quite severe, and therefore protection against possible failure is of
primary concern.
Con’t
Earthquake [Link] produce loadings on a structure through its
interaction with the ground and its response
characteristics.
Hydrostatic and Soil [Link] structures are used to retain water,
soil, or granular materials, the pressure developed by these
loadings becomes an important criterion for their design.
Con’t.
Other Natural Loads. Several other types of live loads may also have to
be considered in the design, depending on the
location or use. These include the effect of blast, temperature
changes, and differential settlement of the foundation.
Design Wind Pressure for Enclosed Buildings
where
V= the velocity in mi/h (m/s) of a 3-second gust of wind measured 33 ft (10 m)
above the ground. Specific values depend upon the “category” of the structure
obtained from a wind map.
Kz=the velocity pressure exposure coefficient, which is a function of height and
depends upon the ground terrain. Table 1–5 lists values for a structure which is
located in open terrain with scattered low-lying obstructions.
Kzt= a factor that accounts for wind speed increases due to hills and
escarpments. For flat ground Kzt = 1.0.
Kd=a factor that accounts for the direction of the wind. It is used only when the
structure is subjected to combinations of loads (see Sec. 1–4). For wind acting
alone, Kd = 1.0.
Note: for other value of height z, the value of Kz will be determined
by linear interpolation
Design Wind Pressure for Enclosed Buildings
The enclosed building shown in the photo and in Fig. 1–13a is used for storage
purposes. determine the design wind pressure acting on the roof and sides of the
building using the ASCE 7-10 Specifications.V=105mi/hr
SOLUTION
First the wind pressure will be determined
using Eq. 1–2. The basic wind speed is
V=105mi/hr. Also, for flat terrain Kzt=1.0, .
Since only wind loading is being considered,
Kd=1.0
From Fig. 1–13a,
h’ = 75 tan 10°
h’= 13.22 ft
The mean height of the roof is
h = 25 + 13.22/2
h = 31.6 ft
Using the values of Kz in Table 1–5,
calculated values of the pressure profile
are listed in the table in Fig. 1–13b.
Note the value of Kz was determined by linear
interpolation for z = h
(1.04 - 0.98)/(40 – 30) = (1.04 – Kz)/(40 - 31.6)
Kz = 0.990,
qh =28.22Kz
=28.22(0.990)
=27.9 psf
The gust factor G=0.85 and (GCpi) =+-0.18
Windward Wall.
Here the pressure varies with height z
since qzGCp must be used. For all values
of L/B, Cp = 0.8, so that from Eq. (1),
Windward Wall.
P0-15 = 0.85(24)(0.80) +/- 5.03
=16.32 +/- 5.03
=11.29 OR 21.35
Windward Roof.
h/L = 31.6/2(75)
= 0.211 < 0.25,
Cp = -0.7, q = qh.
P31.6 = 0.85(27.9)(-0.70) +/- 5.03
=-16.6005 +/- 5.03
= -21.6305 OR -11.575
Leeward Wall.
P25 = 0.85(26.5)(-0.50) +/- 5.03
P25 = 0.85(26.5)(-0.50) +/- 5.03
=-11.2625+- (5.03)
=-16.2925 OR -6.2325
These two sets of loadings are shown on the elevation of the building, representing
either positive or negative (suction) internal building pressure, Fig. 1–13c. The main
framing structure of the building must resist these loadings as well as for separate
loadings calculated from wind blowing on the front or rear of the building.
Problems: