 The Ottoman Era and

the End of the Islamic

GISL 271
 Ottoman Info Chart
 The Founder: Othman Bey
 Birth : 1299 C.E Full: 1924
 The Reign: 625 Years
 No of Caliphs: 37 Sultan
 Conquest of Constantinople: 1453
 Capital: Istanbul
 Intro
 Ottoman Caliphate created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia (Asia
Minor) that grew to be one of the most powerful states in the world
during the 15th and 16th centuries. The Ottoman period spanned
more than 600 years and came to an end only in 1924, when it was
replaced by the Turkish Republic and various successor states in
southeastern Europe and the Middle East. At its height the empire
encompassed most of southeastern Europe to the gates of Vienna,
including present-day Hungary, the Balkan region, Greece, and
parts of Ukraine; all the Middle East.
 The term Ottoman is a dynastic appellation derived from Osman
 (Arabic: ʿUthman), the nomadic Turkmen chief who founded both
the dynasty and the empire about 1299
 Under Osman Bey the Turks
begin to expand broadly from
1290-1326 to Anatolia, by
organizing Steppe Peoples in
Central Asia
 In 15th Century they moved
broadly against Europe, Persia,
and Egypt.
 April 6-May 29 1453 They
besieged and conquered
Constantinople, capital of the
Byzantine Empire, under Sultan
Mehmed II, which ended the
Byzantine Empire.
 Period of Growth
 Succeeded Seljuk Turks as great Muslim power in
Middle East.
 Greatest Emperor was Suleyman (1494-1566).
 Military conquests—Captured Belgrade in 1521;
turned away from Vienna in 1529.
 Ordered construction of Suleiman Mosque
 Relied on Janissaries, soldiers who eventually
displace Ottoman nobility.
 Most known Caliphs
 Mehmed Al-Fatih was
the Sultan of the Ottoman
Empire from 1444 to 1481.
At the age of 21,
he conquered
Constantinople in 1453 and
brought an end to
the Byzantine Empire.
 He has been mentioned the
Prophet SWS
 Selim I was the Sultan of the
Ottoman Empire from 1512 to
1520. His reign is notable for
the enormous expansion of the
Empire, particularly his
conquest between 1516-1517
of the entire Mamluk Sultanate
of Egypt, which included all
of Sham, Hejaz, and Egypt
itself. With the heart of
the Arab World now under
their control, the Turks became
the dominant power in the
region, and in the Islamic
world.
 Suleiman the Magnificent became
a prominent monarch of 16th
century Europe, presiding over the
apex of the Ottoman Empire's
military, political and economic
power. Suleiman personally led
Ottoman armies to conquer the
Christian strongholds of Belgrade,
Rhodes, and most
of Hungary before his conquests
were checked at the Siege of Vienna
in 1529. He annexed most of
the Middle East in his conflict with
the Safavids and large swathes
of North Africa as far west
as Algeria. Under his rule,
the Ottoman fleet dominated the
seas from the Mediterranean to
the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf
 Civilizational Contributions
 Non Muslim enjoyed tolerance in the Ottoman
Empire
 The Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions, art
and institutions of cultures in the regions they
conquered, and added new dimensions to them.
Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous
empires (in fields such as architecture, cuisine,
music, leisure and government) were adopted by the
Ottoman Turks, who elaborated them into new forms
 Ottoman Architecture
 The grand tradition of Ottoman architecture, established in the 16th
century, was derived from two main sources. One was the rather
complex development of new architectural forms that occurred all over
Anatolia. The other source of Ottoman architecture is Christian art.
The Byzantine tradition, especially as embodied in Hagia Sophia,
became a major source of inspiration. Byzantine influence appears in
such features as stone and brick used together or in the use of
pendentive dome construction. A distinctive feature of Ottoman
architecture is that it drew from both Islamic and European artistic
traditions and was, therefore, a part of both.
 The apogee of Ottoman architecture was achieved in the great series of
Madrasah and mosques that still dominate the Istanbul skyline, and
many Muslim cities dominated by the Ottoman before 20th century.
 OTTOMAN MOSQUE IN
BLUE MOSQUE IN ISTANBUL KOSOVO
Suleiman Mosque in Istanbul; built between 1550 and 1567
ISLAMIC CALLIGRAPHY: THE
OTTOMAN WERE THE PIONEER OF MINIATURES: WAS DEVELOPED TO ILLUSTRATE
MANUSCRIPTS OR USED IN DEDICATED ALBUMS
CALLIGRAPHY AT ALL TIMES
 CUISINE: OTTOMAN SUCCESS
TO VERY DECORATIVE
PERFORMING ARTS: CUISINE, MOST OF THE FOOD
FLOURISHED IN OTTOMAN IN THE MIDDLE EAST GOES
CITIES, SUCH AS:  KARAGÖZ BACK TO OTTOMAN ORIGIN
 Decline
 - The uncounted wars of the Ottoman, has run down the
empire.
 - Russian expansion to Black Sea and Austrian
expansion in Balkans
 - Internal disruptions—Janissaries revolt
 - the failure of all the reformation Projects
 - The Technological backwardness
 -The retardation of the Educational system
 -The growth of Nationalist sentiments and independence
tendency.
 -The defeat in the 2 WW
 - The Young Turk Movement
 After the defeat in World War 1, the Ottoman
were forced to leave all their territories outside
Turkey, most of them gone colonized by the
European powers. Under the leadership of the
military leader Mustafa Kemal . The sultanate
was abolished on 1 November 1922, and the
last sultan, Mehmed VI (reigned 1918–22), left
the country on 17 November 1922.
The caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924