Chapter 2:

Descriptive Statistics
(Continued)
MEASURES OF
MEASURES
CENTRAL OF
CENTRAL
TENDENCY FOR
TENDENCY
GROUPED FOR
DATA
GROUPED DATA
 Central tendency

Group data

√
 

Ungroup data

Mean

Median

mode
SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics
 Mean
• Mean for population data: μ=
 fx
N

• Mean for sample data:

x =
 fx
n
• where:
• x is the midpoint
• f is the frequency of a class.
• N is the population size,
• n is the sample size,
• µ is the population mean (Greek)
• x is the sample mean (Roman)
SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics
 Example: Mean
Example 20:
The following table gives the frequency distribution of the number of
orders received each day during the past 50 days at the office of a
mail-order company.
Calculate the mean.

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

 Example: Mean
• Solution:
• The value of  fx is calculated in the following table:

midpoint

• The mean value of sample is

x=
 fx 832
= = 16.64
n 50
• >>Thus, this mail-order company received an average of 16.64
orders per day during these 50 days.

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

 Extra Exercise
E6
Using the frequency table in E4, calculate the mean of the
data.
Class Frequency, f Class midpoint, x fx
5.3 – 5.8 7 5.55 38.85
5.9 – 6.4 13 6.15 79.95
6.5 – 7.0 4 6.75 27.00
7.1 – 7.6 2 7.35 14.70
7.7 – 8.2 2 7.95 15.90
8.3 – 8.8 2 8.55 17.10
Total 30 193.4

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

 Solution
5.3 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.8
  ∑ 𝑥 193.5
´𝑥 = = =6 .45 5.8 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.0 6.0
𝑛 30 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.3
6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 7.0 7.0
7.1 7.5 7.7 8.0 8.3 8.5

∑ 𝑥=192.4 →´𝑥=6.4133
 

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

 Median
• Step 1 : Construct the cumulative frequency distribution.
• Step 2 : Decide the class that contains the median.
– Class Median is the class that contains the value of cumulative
frequency of at least n/2, first .
• Step 3 : Find the median by using the following formula:

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

 Example: Median
• Based on the grouped data below, find the median.
Time to travel to Class boundaries Frequency Cumulative
work (mins) f frequency F

1 - 10 0.5 to less than 10.5 8 8

11 - 20 10.5 to less than 20.5 14 22
21- 30 20.5 to less than 30.5 12 34
31 - 40 30.5 to less than 40.5 9 43
41 - 50 40.5 to less than 50.5 7 50

To locate the class median, the value of F (cumulative frequency) is

approximately n/2 or F> or = n/2. (n = total frequency):

20.5
SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics
 Example: Median
• Therefore, n    𝑛 =25
2 - F  2
Median = Lm   i  𝐹 =22
f
 m 
   𝑓 𝑚=12
 𝑖=10
 25 - 22 
19.5  
= 20.5  10
 12 
==22
23

• >>Thus, 25 people take less than 23 minutes to travel to work and

another 25 people take more than 23 minutes to travel to work.

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

 Extra Exercise
Using the frequency table below, calculate the median of
the data.

Class Frequency, f
5.3 – 5.8 7
5.9 – 6.4 13
6.5 – 7.0 4
7.1 – 7.6 2
7.7 – 8.2 2
8.3 – 8.8 2
Total 30

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

 Extra Exercise

Class Frequency, f Class Cumulative

boundaries frequency, F
5.3 – 5.8 7 5.25 – 5.85 7
5.9 – 6.4 13 5.85 – 6.45 20 2nd class
6.5 – 7.0 4 6.45 – 7.05 24
7.1 – 7.6 2 7.05 – 7.65 26
7.7 – 8.2 2 7.65 – 8.25 28
8.3 – 8.8 2 8.25 – 8.85 30
Total 30

  𝑛 30
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛= = =15
2 2 SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics
 Solution

Class Frequency, Class boundaries Cumulative

f frequency, F
5.3 – 5.8 7 5.25 – 5.85 7
5.9 – 6.4 13 5.85 – 6.45 20 𝐿
  𝑚=5.85
6.5 – 7.0 4 6.45 – 7.05 24 𝑓  𝑚=13
7.1 – 7.6 2 7.05 – 7.65 26  𝑛 =15
2
7.7 – 8.2 2 7.65 – 8.25 28
8.3 – 8.8 2 8.25 – 8.85
𝑖=0.6
 
30
Total 30
𝐹=7
 

  15 −7
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛=5.85+
13 [ ]
( 0.6 ) =5.85+ ( 0.6154 )( 0.6 )

¿  5.8 5+0.3692 ¿  6.2192

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics
 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.8
5.8 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.0 6.0
6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.3
6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 7.0 7.0
7.1 7.5 7.7 8.0 8.3 8.5

𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛=6.1
 

 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ( 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 ) , 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛= 6.2192

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

 Mode
• Mode is the value that has the highest frequency.
• For grouped data, class mode (or, modal class) is the class with the
highest frequency.
• To find mode for grouped data:

• where:

Lmo is the lower boundary of the class mode,

1 is the difference between the frequency of the class mode and
the frequency of the class before the class mode,
 2 is the difference between the frequency of the class mode and
the frequency of the class after the class mode,
i is the class width.

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

 Example: Mode
• Find the mode.
Time to travel to work (mins) Class boundaries Frequency, f

1 - 10 0.5 to less than 10.5 8

11 - 20 10.5 to less than 20.5 14
21- 30 20.5 to less than 30.5 12
31 - 40 30.5 to less than 40.5 9
41 - 50 40.5 to less than 50.5 7
• Solution:
• The modal class is (11-20). i.e. the class with the highest frequency (14).
• .
10.5

10.5 18

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

 Extra Exercise
E8
Using the frequency table in E6, find the mode of the data.

Class Frequency, f Class

boundaries
5.3 – 5.8 7 5.25 – 5.85
5.9 – 6.4 13 2nd class 5.85 – 6.45
6.5 – 7.0 4 6.45 – 7.05
7.1 – 7.6 2 7.05 – 7.65
7.7 – 8.2 2 7.65 – 8.25
8.3 – 8.8 2 8.25 – 8.85
Total 30

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

 Solution

Class Frequency, Class boundaries

f
5.3 – 5.8 7 5.25 – 5.85
5.9 – 6.4 13 5.85 – 6.45 𝐿
  𝑚 0= 5.85
6.5 – 7.0 4 6.45 – 7.05
7.1 – 7.6 2 7.05 – 7.65   6
7.7 – 8.2 2 7.65 – 8.25 ∆
  2=13 −4= 9
8.3 – 8.8 2 8.25 – 8.85
Total 30
𝑖=0.6
 

6
 
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒=5.85 + [ 6+ 9 ]
( 0.6 )=5.85+ ( 0.4 ) ( 0.6 )

¿  5.8 5+0.24 ¿  6.09

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics
5.3 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.8
5.8 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.0 6.0
6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.3
6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 7.0 7.0
7.1 7.5 7.7 8.0 8.3 8.5

𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒=6.1
 

 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ( 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 ) , 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 =6.09

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

 Find Mode using Histogram
1. Find the highest bar (drawn to the correct scale).
2. Draw a straight line joining the point of a & c, the point
of b & d.

b c Mode = 18
d
a

0 10 20 30 40 50

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

 Relationship among 3Ms
• Histogram or a frequency distribution curve can assume either
symmetrical shape or skewed shape.
• Knowing the value of mean, median and mode can give us some
idea about the shape of frequency curve.
(1) Symmetrical

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

 Relationship among 3Ms
(2) For a histogram and a frequency curve skewed to the right, the
value of the mean is the largest that of the mode is the smallest
and the value of the median lies between these two.

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

 Relationship among 3Ms
(3) For a histogram and a frequency curve skewed to the left, the
value of the mean is the smallest that of the mode is the largest
and the value of the median lies between these two.

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

 Closure
You should now be able to:
• describe and calculate the values for
– mean
– weighted mean
– mode
– median
• interpret the meaning of each value.

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

 Quiz
Quiz
Next 2:
2:
Class
• 44 April
April 2021
2021
DISPERSION MEASUREMENT
(Sunday)
(Sunday)
•
12.00pm
12.00pm –
– 1.00pm
1.00pm
– Variance and Standard Deviation
MEASURE OF POSITION
– Quartile
• Box plot
UUMOL
UUMOL
Chapter
Chapter
– Inter quartile range
– Skewness
2
2
(Qualitative data)
(Qualitative
– Percentile
data)

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics