THOMAS B. FERNANDEZ, JR, LPT, Ed.D.

Senior High School Teacher

1
 Sociolog
y • Socious (Latin)
– Companion
– Society

• Sociology
– Scientific study
– Human relationships
– Arising from
continuous interaction
of men
– In particular setting

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 2
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Sociolog
• Sociology y
– Study of Society and
Human Interaction

• Human
Interaction
– Agreement
• Harmony
– Contradiction
• Problems

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 3
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Sociological
Pioneers • Auguste Compte
– Father of Sociology
• Coined the
term Sociology
– Positivism
• Knowledge comes
from sensory
experience.
• Abstract cannot
be proven.
– e.g. God

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 4
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Sociological
• Harriet
Martineau
Pioneers
– Mother of Sociology
• Religion
• Politics
• Child rearing
• Immigration in the young
nation
• Problems of
contemporary society
– Economy
• Emancipation of Slaves
– Law
• Rights of
women
– Employment
– Vote
– Education
– Trade
– Populatio
n Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 5
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Sociological
Pioneers • Karl Heinrich Marx
• May 5, 1818 – March
14,
1883
– Bourgeoisie
• Capitalist
– Proletaria
t
• Working
Class

• Can
unite
– Thro
w of
Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42
Prof. Sam Bernales, Capi 6
AM
 Sociological
• Pioneers
Herbert Spencer
– Parallelism of the
society of animals and
man.
• Survival
– Man
• Has never ending
competition to
win.
– Survival

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 7
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Sociological
Pioneers • Herbert Spencer
– Natural Selection
• Male
– Handsome
– Strong/ Muscular/ Tall/
Physic
– Financially Stable
• Female
– Beautiful
– Sexy
– Caring and Neat

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 8
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Sociological
Pioneers • Emile Durkheim
– Studied on
Suicide
– Most suicide
• Protestant
• s Wealthy
• Males
• Disgusted

– Less
•
suicideCatholics
• Poor
• Females
• Contente
d
– Suicide
• Product of Social
Factors

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 9
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Sociological
• Pioneers
Emile
Durkheim
– Kinds of Suicide
• Egoistic Suicide
– Little Social
Interaction
• Altruistic
Suicide
– Self-
sacrifice for
others
• Anomic
Suicide
– Unable to fulfill
the needs
Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 10
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Sociological
Pioneers • Emile Durkheim
– Kinds of Anomic Suicide
• Acute Economic Anomie
– Unreligious
• Chronic
Economic
Anomie
– Wealthy but unhappy
• Acute Domestic Anomie
– Inability to adapt

» Widowhood
• Chronic Domestic
Anomie
– Bachelor tended
suicide than married.
Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 11
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Sociological
• Pioneers
Max Weber
– Protestantism
• Embraces
change
– Wealthy
– Catholism
• Conservative
– Poor

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 12
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Social
• Development
• Charles Cooley George Mead
• Jean Piaget Sigmund Freud
•

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 13
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Social
Development– Influenced by Theory of
• Charles Cooley

Evolution of Charles
Darwin
– Derived his idea of Self
from the Social Self of
William James
– Influenced by the Organic
View of Society of
Herbert Spencer
– Influenced by Types of
Social Group of William
Sumner

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 14
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Social
• Development
Charles Cooley
– The Looking Glass Self
• Imagination of our
appearance to the
other person
• Imagination of
their judgment of
that appearance
• Resulting self-feeling,
such as pride or
mortification

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 15
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Social
Development
• Robert Merton
– Macro-sociology
• Large-scale civilization
– Stereotypes on
Black People, Asians
and Muslims
– Micro-sociology
• Small groups
– Divorced people

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 16
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Social
Development
• George Mead
– Generalized Others
• Person has of the
common expectations
that others have about
actions and thoughts
within a particular society
– Children's’ Stages
• Imitation
– Mimic
• Play
– Role taking
• Games
– Simultaneous with the
role of others
Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 17
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Social
• Jean
Piaget
–
Development
Stages of Human
Assimilation
•
Development
– using an existing schema
to deal with a new object
• Accommodation
– Happens when the
existing schema does not
• work
Equilibrium
– Cognitive development did
not progress at a steady rate,
but rather it leaps and
bounds
• Pre-operational
Developing ability to
–
– Socialization Timeline
use symbols

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 18
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Social
•
–
•
Infancy
Feeding and Trust
Toddler
Development (Age 2-
(Age 0-1)
– Play Stage, Autonomy, Shame & Doubt 3)
• Early Childhood (Age 4-
5)
– Obedience and Explorations
(Age 6-
• Middle Childhood 8)
– Basic Socializations and Initiative (Age 9-
• Late Childhood 12)
– School Age and Industry (Age 13-
14)
• Early Adolescence
(Age 15-
– Identity and Confusion 17)
• Middle Adolescence
– Skills
SocialExplorations and
Relationships Intimate
and Relationships
Sexual Explorations
• Young Adulthood
Late Adolescence (Age(Age
20-
39)
Serious
18-19)Relationships, Work and
Generativity
– (Age 40-
• 64)
– (Age 65 and
• Integrity,
Middle Despair, Reflections andOlder)
Adulthood Death

– Parenthood and Role Conflict

Sociology: Society and Culture
• Late02:42
02/10/17 Adulthood Prof. Sam Bernales,
19
AM
–
 Social
Development • Sigmund
Freud
– Psychoanalysis
• People could be cured by
making conscious their
unconscious thoughts
and motivations
• Therapy is to release
repressed emotions
and experiences and is
commonly used to
treat depression and
anxiety disorders

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 20
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Social
• Sigmund Freud
– Personality
Development
Perspective
– Levels of the Mind
– Iceberg Theory
• Id – Pleasure Principal
– Unconscious Mind

» Reservoir of Thoughts
•
Ego
– Reality Principal
– Conscious Mind

» Aware of
•
Super-ego
– Values and Morals
– Preconscious Mind

» Ordinary Memory
Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 21
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Sociological
• Michel Foucault
Perspectives
– Power/ Knowledge
– Sexuality and
• Madness
Jurgen Habermas
– Communicative Action

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 22
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Sociological
Perspectives • Symbolic
Interactionism
– People seeking meaning
• – Self-conscious being
Functional Analysis
• – Societal parts
Conflict Theory
– People competing
• for scarce resources
Feminism
– Organizing Factor

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 23
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Socializatio
n • The basic social
process through which
an individual becomes
integrated into a social
group by learning the
group’s culture and his
role in the group.
• Lifelong process

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 24
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Socializatio
• Types of Socialization
–
n
• Child learns
Primary
• attitudes Home
– Secondary
• Teenager learning from peers
• Elementary
– Developmental
• Institutional Social
• Skills High School
– Anticipatory
• Rehearses Occupational
Socialization
• College
– Re-socialization
• Discarding old and Accepting
new
– Organizatio
n • Employee learning company
role

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 25
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Socializatio
n
• Agents of
Socialization
– Family
• Basic environment
• Values and customs of macro
– Schools
society
–
• Influences morality, dress, speech
Religion
& manners
– Peer Group
• Common interest
– Mass Media & Technology
• Impact attitude e.g.
violence
– Workplace
• Matching attitude &
Values

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 26
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Socializatio
• Re-socializationn
– Voluntary re-
socialization
• Learning something
contrary to prior
experiences e.g.
entering a new job
– Involuntary
re-
socialization
• Forced re-socialization
to prison, rehabilitation
center, etc.

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 27
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Grou
• Types of Group
– Gemeinschaft
p
• Informal/ Primary Group
• Always in contact
– Eg. Family, Fraternity,
etc.
– Gesellschaft
• Formal/ Secondary
Group
• Casual in contact
– Eg. Work groups

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 28
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Grou
p • Functions of Group
– Social Attraction
• Goals can be achieved as
a team rather than alone
– Social Comparison
• Meet emotional need of
each other such as being
in- existent
– Morale Booster
• Maximum self-esteem
– Social Climate
• Warm and accepted

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 29
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Grou
p • Kinds of Group
– Involuntary
• Family
• Neighborhood
• Barangay
• Municipality
– Voluntary
• Playmates
• Peer
• Workmates
• Schoolmates/
Classmates
• Church Family
• Purposive associations
Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 30
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Grou
p • Group Size
– Dyad
• 2 People e.g.
President and Vice-
president
– Triad
• 3 People e.g. Basic
Family
– Coalition
• 4 or More e.g.
Senators

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 31
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Grou
• Group Decision
Making
p
– Collecting Information
• Analyzing facts
• Express Information
– Evaluating opinions and
reacts to the opinion of
others
– Reaching a decision
• Emotional tension may rise
from disagreeing
individuals
– Decision is made
• Restoring the harmony of
group by joking and frivolity
assuring the solidarity of
the group

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 32
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Grou
p • Power
– Coercive
• Physical force
– Remunerative
• Material rewards
– Normative
• Persuasion
• Involvement
– Alienative
• No support
– Calculative
• Moderate support
– Moral
involvement
• Strongly support
Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 33
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Grou
p • Types of Leadership
– Authoritarian
Leadership
• Gives orders frequently
– Employees are either
aggressive or
apathetic
– Democratic Leadership
• Gains consensus
– Employees worked
personally and
are friendly
– Laissez-faire
Leadership
• Passive
Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 34
AM Prof. Sam Bernales, – Lack of
 Grou
• Leaders p
– Types of Leaders
• Instrumental
– Task-oriented

» Accomplishment
minded
• Expressive
– Socio-emotional

» Morale focused

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 35
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Grou
• Structure of p
Multi- group
System
– Organization
• Has subsystem with
specialized
functions
– Community/ Society
• Held together by
social relationships

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 36
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Grou
p • Human Associations
– Statistical Aggregates
• Sociologists groupings
– e.g. Income, Nutrition
etc.
– Societal Classes
• Age, Sex, Ethnic, etc.
– Congregation
s/ Assemblies
• Crowds and
audiences

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 37
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Organizatio
• n
Types of Organization
– Formal Organization
• Highly organized group,
having explicit
objectives, formally
stated rules and clearly
designated rights and
duties.
– e.g. Government,
Schools
– Bureaucracy
• Hierarchical ranking
are used to achieved
efficiency.

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 38
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Organizatio
n • Essential Characteristics
of Bureaucracies
– Hierarchical assignment flowing
downward and Accountability
flowing upward
• Clear-cut levels
– Division of Labor
• Field of specialty
– Written Rules
• Procedures and limits
– Written Communication and
Records
• Transparency of activities
– Impersonality
• Office is important not the person.

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 39
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Organizatio
• Oligarchy
n
– Assumption that the
members cannot be
counted thus power must
remain in the few elitist
– Self-perpetuating elites
dominate the power and
the members remain
passive.
– Problematic since
members are the main
beneficiary of the
structure.
– Applies even in Democracy

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 40
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Collective
Behavior • Forms of
Collective
Behavior
• Rumor/ Gossip
– Unstructured
• Mass Hysteria/
• Panic Fads/ Fashion
• Public Opinion
– Structured
• Crowd
– Casual
– Conventional
– Expressive
– Acting
» Mob

» Riot

Sociology: Society and Culture » Orgy

02/10/17 02:42 41
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Devianc
e • Deviance
– Violation of rules/
norms, regardless
of seriousness
– Not the act itself is the
deviant rather on how
the society reacts on
it.

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 42
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Devianc
e
• Reaction to
Deviants
• Capital
– Sanctions
Punishment
– Labeling
• Gossip
– Degradation
Ceremonies
• Rituals in stripping identity as
outsider
–
• Retributio
Imprisonment
n – Restoring moral balance upset by the
offense
• Deterrence
– Creating fear to
• Rehabilitation
others
– Reforming to better citizens
• Incapacitation
– Removing offenders from circulation

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 43
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Devianc
e • Reaction by Deviants
– Denial of Responsibility
• “I did not do it.”
– Denial of Injury
• “Nobody got hurt.”
– Denial of Victim
• “She deserve it.”
– Argumentum ad
hominem
• “Who are you to talk.”
– Appeal to Higher Loyalty
• “The mayor is my brother.”

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 44
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Societ
y • Society
– Group of people with
common territory,
interaction and
culture
– Large social group
sharing the same
geography and
political authority

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 45
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Societ
• y
Components of Society
– Territory
• Recognition of
ownership of land
– Interaction
• Contact of members
of the group
– Culture
• Shared language
and belief

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 46
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Societ
• Types of Society
– Preindustrial
y
• Hunting-Gathering
Society Society
• – Earliest but Hardest
Horticultural Society
• – Crop Farming
Pastoral Society
– Herding Animals
• Agricultural Society
– Crop
Farming
• Feudal Society
– Industrial
– Society
Lords and
Vassals
– Mechanized food
– production
– Goods,Society
Postindustrial services, banking
and information
– Does not concentrate on
food production

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 47
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Societ
y • Social Structure
– Refers to statuses and
roles found in a
society making social
relations.

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 48
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Societ
• Elements of y
Social Structure
– Status
• Position in the
society.
– Ascribed
status
» Ethnicity, Gender,
Age
– Achieved status

» Lawyer, Doctor
– Master status

» Respected
Professor
– Status Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 49
Prof. Sam Bernales,
AM inconsistency
 Societ
y • Elements of Social
Structure
• Counterfeit Role
– Social Roles
–Divorced pretends Widow
• Internalized Role
– Eldest child as head of
• family
Perceived Role
• –Teacher - Professional
Prescribed Role
– Cultural Standard e.g.
Chinese cannot marry
• non- chinese
Representative Role
– Representative of a Group

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 50
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Societ
• Elements of y
Social Structure
– Social Roles
• Role Conflict
– Married Priest, a
bestfriend who wants
to scape friendzone
• Multiple Roles
– Doctor and a Father,
a boyfriend yet a
bestfriend
• Reciprocal Role
– Husband and Wife,
Teacher and Student

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 51
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Societ
• Elements of
Social Structure
y
– Groups
• Number of people
with several norms
who regularly interact
• Establishment
of friendships
• Vital part in the e
structur of society

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 52
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Societ
y • Elements of Social
Structure
• System of social roles
– Social Institutions
and norms organized for
a certain function
• Concepts:
– Norm

»
Be
ha
vio
r
ex
pe
ct
ati
on
– Role

Sociology: Society and Culture »

02/10/17 02:42 53
AM Prof. Sam Bernales, Fu
 Societ
• Elements of y
Social Structure
– Social Institutions
• Family
• Education
• Religion
• Economic
• Political
Institutions

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 54
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Societ
y • Elements of Social
Structure
– Social Institutions
• Characteristics
– Purposive
» Goal towards the
satisfaction of
social needs
– Permanent
» Traditional
– Structured
» Band together and
reinforce one
another
– Unified
» Function as a unit
– Value-laden
» Uniformities become
Sociology: Society and Culture codes of conduct
02/10/17 02:42 55
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Societ
• y
Social Transformation
– Result change in
• culture
Social Cohesion
– United by shared
values
• Mechanical Solidarity
– Collective
consciousness by
performing the
same task
• Organic Solidarity
– Interdependence
brought by division
of labor
Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 56
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Societ
• Social
Interaction
y
– Social process
in
communication.
• Language
• Symbols
• Gestures

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 57
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Societ
y
• Social Interaction
– Stereotypes in everyday Life
• First impression
– Sex, Race,
Age, Physical Appearance
• Assumptions
– Personal
• Behavior
Space
• Intimate Space
– 18 Inches and Closer

» Lovemaking, Wrestling,
• Comforting and
Personal Distance
Protecting
– 18 Inches to 4
Feet » Friends
• Social Distance
acquaintances
– 4 Feet to 12
Feet » Formal conversations
• Public Space
– 12 Feet
Beyond» General
Public

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 58
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Societ
• Social
Interaction
y
• Exchange
– Forms
– Action for something
in- return
–E.g. voting, male effort
• Cooperation
–Bayanihan
• Competition
– Interest on
• the same
goal
– Distressful
Conflict
Relationship

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 59
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Societ
• Social Control
– Positive Social Control
y
• Promise of rewards
ranging from tangible
to social approval
– Negative Social Control
• Fear of consequences

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 60
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Social
Stratification
• Social Stratification
– Involves inequality of
power and
resources

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 61
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Social
• Bases of Stratification
Social
Stratification
– Wealth
• Marxist
– Power
• Influential
– Prestige
• Respected

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 62
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Social
Stratification Stratification
• System of Social
– Slavery
• Some people own others
• Basing on debt, punishment or defeat
in battle
– Caste System
• Determined by birth
– E.g. Brahmins (Priest or Scholars),
Kshatriyas (Nobles and Warriors), Vaisyas
(Merchants and skilled artisans), Shudras
(Common Laborers) and Hartijans (The
outcastes.)
– Class System
• Economic Position
– Estate System/ Feudalism/
Monarchy
• Peasants work on leased land in exchange
of military protection and other services.
– Gender
• Male is superior to
Female

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 63
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Occupational
•
•
Stratification
Government Executive
Lawyer/ Cabinet
•
•
Grade/ High School
Teacher Office Worker/
• Secretary Doctor • Bank Teller Police/ Army
• Clergy/ Nun/ • Nurse/ Social Worker
• Administrator Professor • Receptionist/ Stewardess
• TV Personality • Bartender/ Waiter
• Professional Athlete • Security Guard/ Bodyguard
• Architect/ • Driver/ Mailman/ Barber
• Engineer • Helper/ Janitor/ Portman
• Military Official/ Pilot/ • Newspaper boy/ Car
• Captain Accountant/ • washer Vendor/ Shoe
Manager Businessman/ Chef shiner
Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 64
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Cultur
e • Culture
– Knowledge, Beliefs,
Arts, Morals, Laws,
Customs and Habits
acquired as a member
of society and
constitutes their way of
life
– Complex system of
meaning and behavior
which defines the way
of life

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 65
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Cultur
• Forms of Culture e
– Material
• Jewelry
Culture
• Art
• Buildings
• Weapons
• Machines
• Clothing
• Hairstyles

– Non-material
• Myths
culture
• Tradition
• s Beliefs
• Values
• Language
• Gestures

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 66
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Cultur
e • Components of
Culture
– Norms
• Mores
– Core values
• Folkways
– Everyday
– Gestures
• Shaking of hand,
bowing of head, etc.

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 67
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Cultur
• Characteristics
of Culture
e
– Learned
– Relative
– Shared
– Cumulative
– Dynamic
– Diverse
– Symbolic

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 68
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Cultur
e • Elements of Culture
– Language
• Communication
– Symbol
• Gesture, sound, color,
design
– Values
• Goodness and beauty
– Beliefs
• Shared ideas
– Norms
• Rules and expectations
– Rituals
• Rites and Public ceremony

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 69
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Cultur
e • Attitudes
toward culture
– Ethnocentrism
and Xenocentrism
– Cultural Relativism
and Culture Shock
– High Culture and
Popular Culture
– Culture Variation and
Cultural Integration
– Subculture and

Countercultur
02/10/17 02:42
Sociology: Society and Culture e 70
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Cultur
• Cultural Change
e
– Cultural
• Function to a large group
Assimilation
but remain the identity
– Structural Assimilation
• Newcomer to larger society
– Colonization
• Change of governance
– Marital Assimilation
• Subculture intermarry
with larger society

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 71
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
• Filipino Value System • Filipino
– Close family ties Disvalue
– Hospitality – Bahala na
– Po at opo – Inggitan
– Utang na Loob – Tsismisan
– Pakikisama – Palakasan
– Hiya – Sipsipan
– Delicadeza – Padulas
– Bayanihan – Lagay
– Fiesta – Ningas-cogon
Celebration – Patigasan
– Tibay ng Loob – Sakop
– Pagkamahinhin – Maňana Habit
– Crab Mentality
02/10/17 02:42
Sociology: Society and Culture – Kanya-kanya 72
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
• Filipino
System Superstitious
Beliefs on:
– Death
– Misfortune
– Good Luck
– Illness
– Coming of Visitors
– Ghost
– Relationships
– Future
– Disaster
Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 73
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
• Activity
– Maxim
System
• Ang hindi marunong
lumingon sa
pinanggalingan ay
hindi makakarating sa
paroroonan

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 74
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Famil
• Courtship y
– Interlude for
deeper knowing
• Stages of
Relationship
– Sightseeing
– Courtship
– Dating
– Lovers
– Steady
– Engagement
– Marriage
Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 75
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Famil
• Filipino Way
y of Courtship
– Kundiman
• Song of
Love
– Harana
• Serenade of a young
man to a young woman
right in front of her
window and is done
during full moon

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 76
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Famil
• Pamanhikan
y
– Groom’s parents will formally
give their consent to their
son in asking for the hand of
the bride for marriage.
• Ambagan
– Both parents of Bride
and Groom set foot on
the expenses on
• marriage.
Dowry
– Islamic practice of Bigay
Kaya given by the Groom to
the Family of the Bride.

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 77
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Famil
• Marriage
y – Union between a man and
a woman who is legally
contracted and socially and
culturally recognized by
society whose rights and
obligations between them,
their children and their in-
laws are established
– Method in which cultural
tradition is passed on to
the children
– Implies permitted
sexual access
– Reason are love
and procreation
Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 78
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Famil
• Mate Selection
y Patterns
– Endogamy
• People must marry a
mate within their own
group i.e. race, tribe
and social status.
– Exogamy
• Marriage between
two individuals who
do not belong to the
same group.

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 79
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Famil
• Forms of Marriage
– Monogamy
y
• 1 Husband + 1
Wife
– Polygamy
• Multiple marriage
– Polygyny
» 1 Husband + Multiple
Wives
– Polyandry

» 1 Wife + Multiple
Husbands
» Tibet in Nepal and
Northern Nigeria
and Cameroon
– Cenogamy
• Many Males + Many
Females
Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 80
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Famil
y • Family
– Group of people who
are united by ties of
marriage, blood or
adoption, constituting a
single household and as
having the responsibility
for rearing.
– Basic unit of society.

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 81
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Famil
• Family Structure
– Conjugal
y
• Nuclear
– Protons, Neutrons and
Electrons
• Husband + Wife
+ Children
– Consanguine
• Extended
• Nuclear + Grandparents
+ Uncles & Aunts +
Cousins

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 82
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Famil
• Family
y Origin
– Orientation
• Being a
child to
parents
– Procreatio
n
• Being a
parent to
children

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 83
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Famil
• Family Descent
y – Patrilineal
• Relationship traced
on Father side
– Matrilineal
• Relationship traced
on Mother side
– Bilateral
• Relationship traced
on Both sides

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 84
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Famil
• Family Power/
Authority/
y
Dominance
– Patriarchal
• Authority is vested
on Father
– Matriarchal
• Authority is vested
on Mother
– Egalitarian
• Authority is vested on
both Father and
Mother

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 85
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Famil
y • Family Residence
– Neo-local
• Couple resides in new place
independent of their
parents
– Patrilocal
• Couple reside in the house
of the parents of the
husband
– Matrilocal
• Couple reside in the house
of the parents of the wife
– Bilocal
• Couple resides in their
convenience considering
the place of work, school of
children, social status, etc.

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 86
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Famil
• Family Function/
Purpose
y
• Sex only with
– Sexual Regulation
spouse
–
Social Order
• Replacing of
• adults Uganda
– Reproduction
– Marriage is dissolved if wife
is barren

– Socialization
– Care and Protection
– Economic Cooperation
• Sociological Economic unit
– Status Placement
• Sense of place in society
– Emotional Security
• Shaping personalities
Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 87
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Famil
y • Dimensions of
Parental Behavior
– Control
– Affection
– Involvement
– Marital Relation

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 88
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Famil
• Parenting Patterns
– Democratic
y
• Caring and warm
– Authoritative
• Power assertion
– Lenient
• Responsive to the
needs
• Complete Trust on
the child thus not
strict
– Neglecting
• Unresponsive to the
needs, feelings and
activities of theSociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 89
AM child Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Famil
y • Types of Parents
– Insecure
• Believes influences child’s
destiny
– Intimidated
• Shows lack of authority
– Over-Interpreted
• Analytical to every
child’s actions
– Secure
• Confident on every
move
– Victimize
• Feels unappreciated by
children
– Pathological
Sociology: Society and Culture • Mental Illness
02/10/17 02:42 90
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
• Filipino FamilyFamily
– Close family ties
• Every celebration, each
family member is
counted before the
ceremony begin
• Reason why Filipinos
abroad come home
for Christmas at all
cost.
• An attack to any
member of the family is
an attack to the whole
clan. (Resbak practice)

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 91
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
Family • The Filipino Family
– Activity
• Maxim
– “Mas malapot ang dugo
kaysa tubig.”

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 92
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
Family
• Fathe
r – Head of the Family
– Implicitly obeyed by wife and children
– Duty is to meet the financial needs of
the family.
– Hands his income intact to his wife
– Excused of housekeeping
– Allotted for strenuous jobs
– In charge on decision making for family
• Mothe
r
– Takes care of budgeting of family
funds and bargains to save some
– peso.
Takes care of daily menu and every living
– and loving home details.
Makes sure the husband has rested well
and neatly dressed for work and
• Childre
children well fed, clothed and ready for
n– Pampered
school and not rushed to adulthood
– Prolonged childhood builds up clannish feeling
resulting to standing up for family against all
adversaries.
Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 93
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
Family • Rights and Duties
of Parents
– To keep children in their
company, to support,
educate, and instruct
them by right precept
and good example, and
to provide for their
upbringing in keeping
with their means

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 94
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
• Family
Rights and Duties
of Parents
– To give them love and
affection, advice and
counsel,
companionship and
understanding

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 95
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
Family • Rights and Duties
of Parents
– To provide them with
moral and spiritual
guidance, inculcate in
them honesty, integrity,
self-discipline, self-
reliance, industry and
thrift, stimulate their
interest in civic affairs,
and inspire in them
compliance with the
duties of citizenship
Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 96
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
• Family
Rights and Duties
of Parents
– To enhance, protect,
preserve and
maintain their
physical and mental
health at all times

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 97
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
Family • Rights and Duties of
Parents
– To furnish them with good
and wholesome education,
educational materials,
supervise their activities,
recreation and association
with others, protect them
from bad company and
prevent them from
acquiring habits
detrimental to their health,
studies and morals

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 98
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
• Family
Rights and Duties
of Parents
– To represent them in all
matters affecting their
interests

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 99
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
Family • Rights and Duties
of Parents
– To demand from them
respect and
obedience

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 100
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
• Family
Rights and Duties
of Parents
– To impose discipline on
them as may be
required under
circumstances

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 101
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
Family • Rights and Duties
of Parents
– To perform such other
duties as are imposed
by law upon parents
and guardians

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 102
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
• Duties of
Children
–
Family
Children must love, revere
and obey their parents
–
They must obey all lawful
commands of the
– parents
They must submit to their
– parents’ authority and
decisions
They must honor their parents at
– all times, must not speak ill or
evil of them
–
They must never harm their
parents physically or
morally
–
They must consult and seek the
advice of their parents in their
activities Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 103
AM They must help and support their Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
Family • Modern Issues
– Dual-Career Marriages
• Husband and Wife on Work
– Change in Gender Role
• Women on work
and husband on
chores
– Child rearing Dilemma
• Women on abroad
– Extra-marital Sexual
Relationship
• Querida to maintain the
macho image of husband
and expected total loyalty of
wife
• Concubinage for men
• Adultery for women
Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42 104
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
Family • Modern Issues
– Single-parenthood
• Offshoot of pre-marital sex
– Stepfamilies
• Offshoot of remarriage
– Battered and Marital Rape
• Battered women syndrome
– Incest
• Exist since the whole
family sleep together and
the mother is on work.

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 105
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
•
Family
Contemporary Issues
– Homosexuality
• Offshoot of distorted influences
from rearing, environment to
media
– Cohabitation
• Live-in
– Single Motherhood
• Left by boyfriend upon
discovery of pregnancy
– Single-blessedness
• 10% of Filipinos aged 40s up
– Gay couples
• Made easy by sperm bank
and artificial insimination

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 106
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Filipino
Family • Contemporary Issues
– Legal Separation
• Separated but no right
for remarriage since
marriage is still at force.
– Annulment
• Void ab initio
– Void from the beginning
• Status is changed
from Married to
Single
• Capable for marriage
– Divorce
• Dissolving marriage
contract and grants
Sociology: Society and Culture
02/10/17 02:42
AM Prof. Sam Bernales, the right to remarry. 107
 Populatio
n • Demography
– Number of people
occupying a
definite portion of
territory.

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 108
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Populatio
• Factors Affecting
Populatio
n n
– Fertility Rate
• Number of children that
an average woman bears
– Mortality
• Number of death per
1000 population
– Migration
• Movement of people from
one place to another
– Internal Migration

» Within Country
– External Migration

» Outside Country

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 109
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Urbanizatio
• n
Rural Community • Urban Community
– Produced their own – Depends on others
food for food supply.
– Small Population – Big Population
– Daytime activities only – Daytime and
– Simple recreation Nighttime activities
– Residents know – Strangers
each other – Individual existence
– Bayanihan – Massive transportation
– Poor transportation and communication
and communication

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 110
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 Consumatum
EstIt is Finished!

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 111
AM Prof. Sam Bernales,
 All rights reserved.
No part of this publication
may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or
by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written
permission of the
publisher.
Published in the Republic
of the Philippines.

Sociology: Society and Culture

02/10/17 02:42 10-
AM Prof. Sam Bernales, 112