Presentation on
Strata Monitoring
Instruments
[Link] Kumar
Dy. Manager,
GDK 11 Incline, RG-I
Instruments
• Following strata Monitoring Instruments using in
CM Section at GDK 11 Inc.
[Link] Safety Monitoring
– Dual Height Tell Tale
– Rotary Tell Tale
– Auto Warning Tell Tale
2. Design Monitoring
– Remote Reading Multi Point Extensometers
– Vibrating Wire Stress Cells
– Strain Gauged Rock Bolts
Routine Safety
Monitoring
3
Dual Height
Telltales
4
Dual Height Telltale installed on Development
Dual Height Telltales
Give visual indication of roof dilation (movement)
Installed to at least 2 x height of bolt length (minimum height of 4.8m)
Installed at mid pillar
Installed at every junction
Installed at areas of known or suspected instability
Dual Height Tell Tale
Typical Dual Height Tell Tale
Dual Height Tell Tale
Colour Graduation
A + B = Total movement A AGreen
Red
Green
Yellow 20mm
0mm
20mm
60mm
40mm
B Green
Red
Yellow 20mm40mm
55mm
20mm
B Green 0mm
TOTAL 40mm
115mm
60mm
80mm
TOTAL 20mm
B
B
B = movement above
bolted height
10
20
A 30
10
40
20
A = movement within 50
30
60
40
bolted height 70
50
30
60 A
40
10
30
70
50
20
40
60
30
10
50
20
70
60
40
30
10
50
70
40
60 B
70
Dual Height Tell Tale
POSITION OF DUAL HEIGHT TELLTALES
KEY to Instrumentation
Dual height Telltale (1.5m & 5m)
• Installed while development
in all 4 way junctions and at
mid Levels and Dips
Split 2
Split 1
Dual Height Telltale installed on Development
Dual Height Tell Tale
"B"
"A"
The “A” anchor measures movement within the bolted
horizon
The “B” anchor measures movement above the bolts
10
20
30
40
50
"A"
60
70
10
20
30
40 "B"
50
60
70 Total roof movement is obtained by adding A and B readings together
Action Levels
(These may differ from site to site)
KNOW YOUR ACTION LEVELS
GREEN 0 - 25 mm
YELLOW 25 - 50 mm
RED 50 - 75 mm
Actions
GREEN - No action required, continue routine monitoring
YELLOW - Notify Supervisor immediately and take instructions
from Rock bolt co-ordinator Manager
RED - Immediately restrict access
Notify Supervisor Rock bolt coordinator Manager
DO NOT RE-ENTER AFFECTED AREA UNTILL THE SITE HAS
BEEN EXAMINED BY QUALIFIED STRATA CONTROL ENGINEERS
AND APPROPRIAT MEASURES HAVE BEEN TAKEN TO MAKE
THE AREA SAFE.
Golden Rule
If you see any Tell Tale
in the YELLOW sector
inform your supervisor
Golden Rule
If you see any Tell Tale
in the RED sector
WITHDRAW FROM AREA
AND INFORM YOUR
SUPERVISOR
Single Height
Rotary Telltales
15
Rotary Single Height
Telltale
TELL TALES ARE SAFETY DEVICES WHICH PROVIDE A CONTINUOUS VISUAL INDICATION OF THE LEVEL OF ROOF
DEFORMATION THAT HAS TAKEN PLACE WITHIN THE MONITORED HEIGHT FOLLOWING INSTALLATION
THE ROTARY DESIGN HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO GIVE A RESOLUTION OF 1mm
THIS ACCURACY IS IMPORTANT AT SITES WHERE ROOF DEFORMATION
LEVELS ARE GENERALLY LOW
How a Rotary
Tell Tale Works
.
No
CE
0
N
1
E
ER
2
REF
3
4
25 5
24 6
3
223 7
2222 8
2211
9
20
RMT 110
0
19
Rock Mechanics
Technology 11
18
17
12
13
16
14
15
Telltale Data is Utilised
In Two Ways
• To assess the level of risk in the vicinity of each
telltale
• To assess the support system being used in an
area based on the data obtained from many
telltales
Information from Telltales
Total roof movement
Stabilising / unstable trends
Help to identify high risk areas (movement greater than
action levels – 5mm and 10mm at Jhanjra)
Action
GREEN No action required, continue routine monitoring
YELLOW Install additional reinforcement. Length and type
of support to be determined by investigations
co-ordinated by Shift Boss / Mine Overseer / Roof
Control Officer.
RED Restrict access. Consult Shift Boss / Mine Overseer /
Roof Control Officer.
Action Levels – Rotary Telltale
SAME ACTION LEVELS AS USED FOR THE AUTO WARNING TELLALE
(Supersedes Action Levels Adopted on Panel Development)
GREEN 0 - 5 mm
YELLOW 5 - 10 mm
RED 10 mm +
21
Action Levels - Rotary Telltale
in Extraction Zone
GREEN No action required, continue routine monitoring
YELLOW Notify Supervisor Rockbolt co-ordinator Manager
CM operation to stop slicing and assess
conditions and reduce number of slices if
necessary and inform supervisor.
RED Notify Supervisor Rockbolt co-ordinator Manager
Stop slicing, withdraw from split and
consult Supervisor / Under Manager /
Strata Control Officer
If necessary leave split and start on next fender.
22
The Golden Rule
If any Auto Warning/Rotary Telltale
is observed to be
in the YELLOW sector
Stop slicing and assess conditions
INFORM YOUR
SUPERVISOR
23
The Golden Rule
If any Auto Warning/Rotary Telltale
is observed to be in the RED sector
WITHDRAW FROM AREA
IMMEDIATELY
AND INFORM YOUR
SUPERVISOR
24
Auto Warning
Telltales
25
Auto Warning Tell – Tales
• Auto-Warning single height Telltale has been
designed specifically for India to provide
additional instantaneous warning of movement
occurring in a rock bolted extraction zone and has
the same action levels as the rotary telltale.
• This is of particular value in dynamic mining
situations, such as pillar extraction operations,
where workman and equipment are operating
close to a developing goaf.
• The LED is configured to flash when the indicator
shows greater than 5mm of roof deformation.
• The trigger level on the indicator is factory set
but can be adjusted by the user if design
monitoring indicates that a more appropriate
level should be adopted.
Auto Warning Telltales utilised in two ways
Auto Warning Tell – Tales
To give a visual warning that there is a risk of goafing in
the vicinity of the telltale adjacent to the goaf edge.
To give additional information to the CM operator as to
whether to continue slicing, or to leave fenders to provide
local support to enable the safe withdrawal of CM in a
timely manner.
To be installed in all junctions (3 and 4 day) with an
anchor height of 10m
POSITION OF AUTO WARNING TELLTALES
KEY to Instrumentation
Dual height Telltale (1.5m & 5m)
Auto Warning Telltale (10m) Installed
6 x 2 x 2.4m bolt Breaker Lines Installed
• Located at all junctions Split 2
with anchor point at 10m
(min hole depth 10.5m)
Split 1
Action Levels – Auto Warning Telltale
ACTION LEVELS ADOPTED ON PILLAR EXTRACTION
(Supersedes Action Levels Adopted on Panel Development)
GREEN 0 - 5 mm
YELLOW 5 - 10 mm
RED 10 mm +
29
Action Levels – Auto Warning Telltale
in Extraction Zone
GREEN No action required, continue routine monitoring
YELLOW Auto Warning Telltale Activated (FLASHING) in
Extraction Zone - CM operator to stop slicing and
assess conditions and reduce number of slices if
necessary and inform supervisor.
RED Stop slicing, withdraw from split and
consult Supervisor / Under Manager /
Strata Control Officer
If necessary leave split and start on next fender.
30
Design
Monitoring
31
Aim of Design Measurements
To confirm Full pillar extraction method is appropriate for the mining conditions in
Seam 1, GDK11 by measuring:
Amount of stress being taken by the pillars during extraction
Pillar Loading in the Front abutment zone
Stress transfer to barrier pillars
Behaviour of roof and pillar ribs on retreat
32
Measurements Taken to
Confirm Design
Remote reading Vibrating Wire stress cells in yield pillars and
barrier pillars
Remote reading roof extensometers
Remote reading rib extensometers
Strain gauged bolts (breaker lines)
33
Remote Reading Four Wire
Exto
Strain Gauged Rock Bolts
Fully encapsulated strain-gauged rock bolts
are to be installed in selected breaker lines
to monitor the bolt load profile during pillar
extraction.
Each bolt has 9 pairs of resistance strain
gauges in opposed grooves machined along
the full bolt length.
A data logger is then used to measure the
individual strains and converts these to bolt
loads and bending moments.
Strain Gauged Rock Bolts
• For monitoring of load distribution along
the full column grouted roof bolts,
“instrumented bolts” or “Irad bolts” are
used, in which strain gauges are fixed
along the length of roof/cable bolts at
different intervals. Rock bolt load cells of
mechanical, electrical or vibrating wire
type are also used to measure the load in
roof bolt.
Strain Typical
Gauged Strain Gauged Bolt Output
Rock Bolts
Vibrating wire stress Cell
• Vibrating wire type stress meter is used to
monitor the mining induced vertical stress
developed over the pillars/stooks/fenders. It is a
reliable and preferred instrument for long term
monitoring due to use of frequency as output
signal rather than voltage in case of
conventional electrical resistance or
piezoelectric transducers. The stress meter is
installed into the horizontally drilled borehole in
the pillars by setting tool and tightened with
wedge and platen assembly.
Vibrating wire stress Cell
Platen
Proving Ring
Vibrating Wire
Section through a vibrating
wire stress cell
Vibrating wire stress Cell
• Installed into holes drilled in the sides of pillars to measure pillar loading.
• These stress cells can be read remotely from a safe location.
• These are critical in identifying when load redistribution occurs during the pillar
extraction process.
Example of Output from Stress Cells in a Pillar Extraction Environment
Pillar Stress Profile
(stress change)
