ATOMIC STRUCTURE
BY: CHYNNA B. PICLET
12 – ST AUGUSTINE
ALL MATTER IS MADE UP OF ATOMS
Atoms are composed of :
PROTON – positively charged
particles
NEUTRON – neutral particles
ELECTRON – negatively charged
particle
NUCLEUS – where protons and
neutrons are located
ELECTRON ORBIT – where
electrons revolve around nucleus
WHAT IS AN ATOM?
As early as around 4000 BC, the Greek
philosopher Democritus was
wondering about matter, and how to
define the smallest piece of a
substance.
The Greek work “atomos” means
indivisible, so he decided to call the
smallest piece of a substance atom.
ELECTRICAL BALANCE IN THE ATOM
• There are two kinds of electric charge, positive
(+) and negative (-).
• When two objects are both charged with a
positive charge, they repel one another. Similarly,
two negatively charged bodies repel one another.
• When one object is positively charged and
another is negatively charged, the two objects will
attract one another.
“Like charges repel, unlike charges attract".
ATOMIC MASS
• Aside from charges particles also differs in their
mass
ATOMIC AND MASS NUMBERS
Atomic number (Z): equal to the
number of protons in the nucleus. All
atoms of the same element have the
same number of protons.
Mass number (A): equal to the sum of
the number of protons and neutrons for
an atom.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF ISOTOPES
For example, there exist three known naturally
occurring isotopes of hydrogen, namely,
Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons
protium, deuterium, and tritium.
but differ in the number of neutrons.
Nucleons are the components of the nucleus of an atom. A
nucleon can either be a proton or a neutron. Each element
has a unique number of protons in it, which is described by
its unique atomic number. However, several atomic
structures of an element can exist, which differ in the total
number of nucleons.
Atomic Structure of Hydrogen Isotopes
The atomic structure of an isotope is described with the
help of the chemical symbol of the element, the atomic
number of the element, and the mass number of the
isotope.
NUCLIDE
Nuclides are specific types of atoms or nuclei. Every nuclide has a chemical
element symbol (E) as well as an atomic number (Z) , the number of protons in the
nucleus, and a mass number (A), the total number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus. The symbol for the element is as shown below:
A nuclide has a measurable
amount of energy and lasts for a
measurable amount of time.
Stable nuclides can exist in the
same state indefinitely, but
unstable nuclides are
radioactive and decay over
time.
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
- The electron configuration of an atom is the representation of the
arrangement of electrons distributed among the orbital shells and subshells.
- Commonly, it is used to describe the orbitals of an atom in its ground state,
but it can also be used to represent an atom that has ionized into a cation or
anion by compensating with the loss of or gain of electrons in their
subsequent orbitals.
- The valence electrons, electrons in the outermost shell, are the determining
factor for the unique chemistry of the element.
LEWIS ELECTRON DOT DIAGRAM
- A Lewis electron dot is a representation of the valence electrons of
an atom that uses dots around the symbol of the element.
- The number of dots equals the number of valence electrons in the
atom. These dots are arranged to the right, left, above and below
the symbol, with no more than two dots on a side. (It does not
matter what order the positions are used.)
Figure 1 shows the Lewis symbols for the elements of the third period of the periodic table .
Diverse scientists (primarily in the 1700’s)
experimented with substances and came up with
several theories and models about atoms. Some
were relatively true , and others have been
proven wrong through further experimentation
HISTORY OF THE ATOM: THEORIES AND
MODEL
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
The English chemist John
Dalton suggested that all matter is made
up of atoms, which were indivisible and
indestructible.
All the atoms of an element were exactly
Solid Sphere Model the same, but the atoms of different
elements differ in size and mass.
Chemical reactions, according to Dalton’s
atomic theory, involve a rearrangement of
atoms to form products.
THOMSON’S ATOMIC MODEL
The English chemist Sir Joseph John Thomson
put forth his model describing the atomic
structure in the early 1900s and discovered
electrons which he called “corpuscles”
In 1903, Thomson proposed a model of the
atom consisting of positive and negative
charges, it shows the atom as composed of
electrons scattered throughout a spherical
cloud of positive charge
Thomson's model came to be called the "plum
pudding model" or "chocolate chip cookie
model".
Plum Pudding Model
THOMSON’S EXPERIMENT
RUTHERFORD’S ATOMIC THEORY
Rutherford, a student of J. J. Thomson modified the
atomic structure with the discovery of
another subatomic particle called “Nucleus”. His
atomic model is based on the Alpha ray scattering
experiment.
The model described the atom as a tiny,
dense, positively charged core called a
nucleus, in which nearly all the mass is
concentrated, around which the light,
negative constituents, called electrons,
circulate at some distance, much like planets
revolving around the Sun.
Nuclear Model
RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT
The nucleus was
postulated as
small and dense
to account for the
scattering of
alpha particles
from thin gold
foil
BOHR’S ATOMIC THEORY
In 1913 Bohr proposed his
quantized shell model of the atom
to explain how electrons can have
stable orbits around the nucleus.
Bohr modified the Rutherford
model by requiring that the
electrons move in orbits of
fixed size and energy. Electron energy in this
model is quantized:
electrons could not
occupy values of energy
between the fixed Planetary model
energy levels.
This atomic model is
ERWIN SCHRÖDINGER
known as the quantum
mechanical model of the In 1926 Erwin Schrödinger, an Austrian
physicist, took the Bohr atom model one step
atom
further. Schrödinger used mathematical
equations to describe the likelihood of finding
an electron in a certain position.
Unlike the Bohr model, the quantum
mechanical model does not define the exact
path of an electron, but rather, predicts the
odds of the location of the electron.
Portrayed as a nucleus surrounded by an
electron cloud. Where the cloud is most
dense, the electron is less likely to be in a less
dense area of the cloud. Thus, this model
introduced the concept of sub-energy levels.
TRIVIA’S!!!!
Did you know that there are over 100 different kinds of atoms. About 92 of them
occur naturally, while the remainder are made in labs.
You have around 7 billion billion billion atoms in your body, yet you replace about
98% of them every year!
Can you believe that more than 99.9 per cent of an atom’s volume is empty space.
Although atoms are the smallest unit of an element, they consist of even tinier
particles called quarks and leptons.
THANK YOU VERY
MUCH!!!! GODBLESS AND
STAY SAFE