Module 7
Moral self
Living with purpose- Personal value and in
Philosophy in Life
Morality- describes the particular values of a
specific group at a specific point in time.
Moral- refers to what societies sanction as right
and acceptable. ... While some moral principles
seem to transcend time and culture, such as
fairness, generally speaking, morality is not
fixed.
- is related to the sense to the sense or a
standard that determines what is right and
what is wrong.
Dilemma- is a problematic situation in which a
difficult choice must be made.
Moral reasoning
Moral reasoning- refers to the judgments
people make about what courses of action are
correct or incorrect in particular situations.
Reasoning- is a cognitive skills but influences
moral development.
Theory of moral development
• Kohlberg defined three levels of moral development:
preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Each
level has two distinct stages.
Level 1: Preconventional
• Throughout the preconventional level, a child’s sense of
morality is externally controlled. Children accept and
believe the rules of authority figures, such as parents and
teachers. A child with pre-conventional morality has not
yet adopted or internalized society’s conventions regarding
what is right or wrong, but instead focuses largely on
external consequences that certain actions may bring.
• Stage 1: Obedience-and-Punishment Orientation
• Stage 2: Instrumental Orientation
• Level 2: Conventional
• Throughout the conventional level, a child’s sense
of morality is tied to personal and societal
relationships. Children continue to accept the
rules of authority figures, but this is now due to
their belief that this is necessary to ensure
positive relationships and societal order.
Adherence to rules and conventions is somewhat
rigid during these stages, and a rule’s
appropriateness or fairness is seldom questioned.
Stage 3: Good Boy, Nice Girl Orientation
• In stage 3, children want the approval of others and act
in ways to avoid disapproval. Emphasis is placed on
good behavior and people being “nice” to others.
• Stage 4: Law-and-Order Orientation
Level 3: Postconventional
• Throughout the postconventional level, a person’s
sense of morality is defined in terms of more abstract
principles and values.
• Stage 5: Social-Contract Orientation
-In stage 5, the world is viewed as holding
different opinions, rights, and values.
• Stage 6: Universal-Ethical-Principal
Orientation
-In stage 6, moral reasoning is based on abstract
reasoning using universal ethical principles.
Parenting Style and Practices
Environmental influence - One of the factor
which affects individual development.
- It is characterized by forces outside of the
individual like how he/her she has been raised
or reared by his/her parents.
Home – where children first learn to distinguish
right/appropriate behaviors from
wrong/inappropriate behaviors.
Parenting Style
1. Authoritarian – parents attempt to shape, control,
and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of their
children in accordance with an absolute set of
conduct standards that usually comes from religious
or respected authorities.
2. Authoritative - parents direct their children’s
activities in rational and intellectual way.
3. Permissive – parents are less controlling and behave
with an accepting and non- punishing attitude
towards their children’s desire, actions and
impulses.
Effects of Parenting Styles
1. Authoritarian parents are demanding, and
their children have less behavioral problems
which are easily prevented.
- Studies show that children reared under
autocratic parents tend to become
withdrawn, fearful, and dependent.
2. Authoritative parents have children who are
independent, reliable, and confident.
3. Permissive parents rarely impose rules and
are non-punishing. They tend to have
children who do not put structure and order
in things that they can do.
4. Uninvolved parents are detached and
indifferent to the needs of their children.
-Children grow up feeling unloved and cannot
follow instructions.
