Research Instruments Overview and Types
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Mary Joy Llosa RedullaResearch Instruments Overview and Types
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Mary Joy Llosa Redulla- Introduction to Research Instrument
- Definition of Research Instrument
- Frequently Used Data Collection Techniques
- Types of Questions in Quantitative Research
RESEARCH
INSTRUME
NT
Objectives
constructs an instrument and
establishes its validity and
reliability
Research Instrument
Measurement tools (for
example, questionnaires or
scales) designed to obtain
data on a topic of interest
from research subjects.
Most Frequently Used Data Collection
Techniques
Documentary Analysis
This technique is used to analyze primary and secondary sources
that are available mostly in churches, schools, public or private
offices, hospitals, or in community, municipal and city halls.
Observation
This process or technique enables the researchers to participate
actively in the conduct of research. The instrument is called the
observation guide or observation checklist. Observation must be
done in a quiet and inconspicuous manner so as to get realistic data.
Interview
Usually an interview is conducted with single person, but there
are also times when it is conducted with a group of people (around
five to ten) whose opinions and experiences are elicited
spontaneously. Data obtained from an interview may be recorded on
audiotapes or videotapes. Today, cellphones or smartphones can be
used as recording devices.
Questionnaire
It is the most commonly used instrument in research. It is a list of
questions about a particular topic, with spaces provided for the
response to each question, and intended to be answered by a number
of persons. It is less expensive, yields more honest responses,
guarantees confidentially, and minimizes biases based on question-
phrasing modes.
Types of Questions in a
Quantitative Research
YES OR NO TYPE
Items are answerable by “yes” or “no”
Example:
Do caregivers have the right to refuse calls? ( ) Yes ( ) No
Do senior high school students
come to class early? ( ) Yes ( ) No
RECOGNITION TYPE
Alternative responses are already provided, and the respondents
simply choose among the given choices. It also contains close-ended
questions.
Example: Educational Qualifications
_____ Elementary Graduate
_____ High School Graduate
_____ Technical Graduate
_____ College Graduate
_____ MA/PhD
_____ Others; please specify _____________
COMPLETION TYPE
The respondents are asked to fill in the blanks with the necessary
information. Questions are open-ended.
Example:
In order to pass, I will _________________
____________________________________
_____________________________regularly.
CODING TYPE
Number are assigned to names, choices and other pertinent data. This
entails knowledge of statistics on the part of the researcher, as the
application of statistical formulas is necessary to arrive at the findings.
Example:
On a scale of one (1) to 10, how will you rate the
skills of your manager?
SUBJECTIVE TYPE
The respondents are free to give their opinions about an issue
of concern.
What can you say about students who are deeply
committed to learn?
