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Overview of Human Development Stages

Development occurs through systematic, orderly, and patterned changes in individuals from conception to death across physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains. It involves both changes as well as continuities where individuals remain the same or reflect their past. Development occurs at different rates, alternating between periods of little change and rapid change, according to stage theorists like Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg. Early foundations in attitudes, patterns, and habits from early years are critical to development and persist, though they can change. Each individual develops differently due to biological and genetic differences that increase over time.

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4 views10 pages

Overview of Human Development Stages

Development occurs through systematic, orderly, and patterned changes in individuals from conception to death across physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains. It involves both changes as well as continuities where individuals remain the same or reflect their past. Development occurs at different rates, alternating between periods of little change and rapid change, according to stage theorists like Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg. Early foundations in attitudes, patterns, and habits from early years are critical to development and persist, though they can change. Each individual develops differently due to biological and genetic differences that increase over time.

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turpu poojithareddy
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DEVELOPMENT

UNIT III
Defining Development…
• Systematic changes and continuities in the individual
that occur between conception and death, or from
“womb to tomb.”
• Development entails many changes; these changes are
– systematic
– orderly
– patterned
– relatively enduring
• Development also involves continuities, ways in which
we remain the same or continue to reflect our past
selves.
• Stage theorists believe development occurs at
different rates.
• Alternating between periods of little change
and periods of abrupt, rapid change.
– Piaget’s theory of cognitive development,
– Erikson’s psychosocial theory of personality
development
– Kohlberg’s theory of moral development.
Human development falls into three broad
domains:
• Physical development: The growth of the body and its organs,
the functioning of physiological systems including the brain,
physical signs of aging, changes in motor abilities, and so on.
• Cognitive development: Changes and continuities in
perception, language, learning, memory, problem solving,
and other mental processes.
• Psychosocial development: Changes and carryover in personal
and interpersonal aspects of development, such as motives,
emotions, personality traits, interpersonal skills and
relationships, and roles played in the family and in the larger
society.
AN OVERVIEW OF PERIODS OF THE LIFE SPAN
Significant facts of Development
• Early foundations are critical
– Attitudes, patterns, habits in early years
– Babyhood – trust or mistrust
– Early patterns persist but can be changed
• Development follows a definite and predictable
pattern
– Cephalocaudal law
– Proximodistal law
• Each individual is different
– Biological and genetic differences
– Differences increase from birth to death
Significant facts of Development
• Each phase of development has characteristic
behaviour
– Equilibrium-Adaptation to environmental demands – well
adjusted
– Disequilibrium – difficulty in adaptation – poor
adjustments – individuals needs are not met
• Each phase of development has hazards
– Physical, psychological or environmental
– Way of coping effects the adjustment
• Social expectations for every stage of development
– Culture specific patterns of behaviour – social expectations
– Personal values and aspirations
Nature vs. Nurture
Factors affecting Growth and Development
• Maturation and learning – unfolding inherent traits
• Genetic control – influences rate of growth
• Development aided by stimulation- interaction,
sensory stimulation
• Environmental – seasonal affect – height and weight
• Endocrine regulation – somatotropin by pitutary
• Nutrition – deficiencies - malnutrition
• Cultural changes – ethnic groups, geographical
location
• Socioeconomic levels – body size
Bio-ecological model of development

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