CE 328B– Advance

Engineering Math for CE

Today’s subject:

• Course policies & overview

• Trigonometric Form of Complex Numbers
Course Title: Advance Engineering Math for CE

Course Description: A study of selected topics in mathematics

and their applications in advanced courses in engineering and
other allied sciences. It covers the study of complex numbers,
laplace and inverse Laplace Transform, Power series, Fourier
Series, Matrices and Numerical Methods.
.
Requirements Equivalent Percentage
Grading System
 
Class Standing(LQ, A, SW/HW) 60%
Major Exams 40%
 
Total   100%
PASSING : > 70
Course policies & overview
Remember a complex number has a real part and an
imaginary part. These are used to plot complex
numbers on a complex plane.
z  a  bi
The absolute value or
z  a b 2 2
modulus of z denoted by z
Imaginary is the distance from the
Axis origin to the point (a, b).
z  a  bi
The angle formed from the
z
b real axis and a line from the
 Real origin to (a, b) is called the
a Axis argument of z, with
requirement that 0   < 2.
modified for quadrant
b and so that it is
  tan  
1

a between 0 and 2

Different forms of complex numbers
1. Rectangular /Standard Form
z=a+jb

2. Trigonometric Form
z=r(cos + jsin)
z=r cis
3. Polar Form
z=r
4. Exponential Form
z=rej
Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number

z  r  cos   i sin  

The modulus is r  a 2  b 2

The argument  can be found

r b
1
b by using tan   adjusting for
 a
a
correct quadrant if necessary

Note: You may use any other trig

functions and their relationships to the
right triangle as well as tangent.
Plot the complex number and then convert to trigonometric
form:
z   3 i
Imaginary
Axis
Find the modulus r

 3 
r
 1  4  2
2
1 r
2
́  Real
 3 Axis
Find the argument 

 1 
  tan 
1
 but in Quad II
 3
 5 5  5
z  2 cos  i sin  
 6 6  6
It is easy to convert from trigonometric to rectangular
form because you just work the trig functions and
distribute the r through.
 5 5   3 1 
z  2 cos  i sin   2   i    3  i
 6 6   2 2 
3 1

2 2 If asked to plot the point and it is
in trigonometric form, you would
plot the angle and radius.

2 5 Notice that is the same as

1
 3 6 plotting
 3 i
Let's try multiplying two complex numbers in trigonometric
form together.

z1  r1  cos 1  i sin 1  z 2  r2  cos  2  i sin  2 

z1 z2   r1  cos 1  i sin 1    r2  cos  2  i sin  2  

 r1r2 we
Look at where  1  i sin
cosstarted
see if you can make a statement
andwhere
1 
cos 
we
2 
ended
as to what
i sin  
up and
happens 2
to
the r 's and the  's when Must
youFOIL these two complex
multiply

r1r2 cos 1 cos  2  i sin  2 cos 1  i sin 1 cos  2  i 2 sin 1 sin  2
 numbers. 
Replace i 2 with -1 and group real terms and then imaginary terms
Multiply the Moduli and Add the Arguments
 r1r2  cos1 cos 2  sin 1 sin  2    sin 1 cos 2  cos1 sin  2  i
use sum formula for cos use sum formula for sin

 r1r2  cos1   2   sin 1   2  

 Let z1  r1  cos 1  i sin 1  and z 2  r2  cos  2  i sin  2 
be two complex numbers. Then
z1 z2  r1r2  cos1   2   i sin 1   2  
(This says to multiply two complex numbers in polar
form, multiply the moduli and add the arguments)

If z 2  0, then
z1 r1
 cos1  2   i sin1  2 
z2 r2
(This says to divide two complex numbers in polar form,
divide the moduli and subtract the arguments)
   
If z  4 cos 40  i sin 40 and w  6 cos 120  i sin 120 ,
   

find : (a) zw (b) z w
  
   
zw   4 cos 40  i sin 40   6 cos120  i sin120 
  

   
  4  6 cos 40 120  i sin 40 120   
multiply the moduli add the arguments
(the i sine term will have same argument)

 24  cos160  i sin160  If you want the answer

in rectangular
 24   0 .93969  0 .34202i  coordinates simply
compute the trig
  22 .55  8 .21i functions and multiply
the 24 through.
 z


4 cos 40  i sin 40
 


w 6 cos120  i sin 120 
4
  
 cos 40  120  i sin 40  120
6
   
 
divide the moduli subtract the arguments
2
  
 cos  80  i sin  80
3
  In polar form we
want an angle
between 0 and
2
  
 cos 280  i sin 280
3
 
  360° so add
360° to the -80°

2
In rectangular   0.1736  0.9848i   0.12  0.66i
coordinates: 3
 Let z1  r1  cos 1  i sin 1  and z 2  r2  cos  2  i sin  2 
be two complex numbers. Then
z1 z2  r1r2  cos1   2   i sin 1   2  
(This says to multiply two complex numbers in polar
(trig) form, multiply the moduli (r’s) and add the
arguments (angles))
If z 2  0, then
z1 r1
 cos1  2   i sin1  2 
z2 r2
(This says to divide two complex numbers in polar (trig)
form, divide the moduli (r’s) and subtract the arguments
(angles))
   
If z  4 cos 40  i sin 40 and w  6 cos 120  i sin 120 ,
   

find : (a) zw (b) z w
  
   
zw   4 cos 40  i sin 40   6 cos120  i sin120 
  

   
  4  6 cos 40 120  i sin 40 120   
multiply the moduli add the arguments
(the i sine term will have same argument)

 24  cos160  i sin160  If you want the answer

in rectangular
(standard) form simply
 24 cos160  24 i sin 160 distribute the 24 and
  22 .553  8 .208i compute.
 z


4 cos 40  i sin 40
 


w 6 cos120  i sin 120 
4
  
 cos 40  120  i sin 40  120
6
   
 
divide the moduli subtract the arguments
2
  
 cos  80  i sin  80
3
  In polar form we
want an angle
between 0 and
2
  
 cos 280  i sin 280
3
 
  360° so add
360° to the -80°

2 2
In rectangular  cos 280  i sin 280  .116  .657i
(standard): 3 3
 You can repeat this process raising
complex numbers to powers. Abraham
DeMoivre did this and proved the
following theorem:

Abraham de Moivre DeMoivre’s Theorem

(1667 - 1754)
If z  rcos  i sin  is a complex number,
then z  r cos n  i sin n 
n n

where n  1 is a positive integer.

This says to raise a complex number to a power, raise the

modulus (r) to that power and multiply the argument
(angle) by that power.
This theorem is used to raise complex numbers
to powers. It would be a lot of work to find  3 i  4

  
  3i  3 i  3 i  3i   you would need to FOIL
and multiply all of these
together and simplify
Instead let's convert to polar form powers of i --- UGH!
and use DeMoivre's Theorem.
1  1 
  but in Quad II   5
 2 2
r   3 1  4  2   tan 
 3 6
4

 
  4
 3  i   2  cos
5
6
 i sin
5  
   2 4  cos  4  5   i sin  4  5
6 


    6   6 
 1  3  
  10    10    16      i 
 16  cos    i sin    2 2  
  3   3     
  8  8 3i
Solve the following over the set of complex numbers:
We know that if we cube root both sides we
z 1
3
could get 1 but from College Algebra we know
that there are 3 roots. So we want the
complex cube roots of 1.
Using DeMoivre's Theorem with the power being a
rational exponent (and therefore meaning a root), we can
develop a method for finding complex roots. This leads
to the following formula:

    2 k     2 k  
zk  r  cos 
n
  i sin  
  n   n 

where k  0, 1, 2,  , n  1
Let's try this on our problem. We want the cube roots of 1.

We want cube root so our n = 3. Can you convert 1 to

polar (trig) form? (hint: 1 = 1 + 0i)
1  0 
r  1   0   1   tan    0
2 2
1
  0 2 k   0 2 k  
z k  1  cos  
3
  i sin     , for k  0, 1, 2
 3 3  3 3 
We want cube
Once we build the formula, we use it first
root so use 3
with k = 0 and get one root, then with k = 1
numbers here
to get the second root and finally with k = 2
for last root.
   2 k    2 k  
zk  r  cos  
n
  i sin   
 n n   n n 
   0 2k   0 2k 
z k  1 cos 
3
  i sin  , for k  0, 1, 2
 3 3  3 3 
  0 2 0     0 2 0   
z0  1 cos 
3
  i sin   1 cos  0   i sin  0    1
 3 3  3 3  Here's the root we
already knew.
  0 21   0 21  
z1  1 cos 
3
  i sin  
 3 3  3 3 
  2   2   1 3 If you cube any of
 1cos   i sin      i these numbers
  3   3  2 2
you get 1.
3   0 2 2    0 2 2    (Try it and see!)
z 2  1 cos    i sin  
 3 3  3 3 
  4   4  1 3
 1cos   i sin     i
  3   3  2 2
 1 3 1 3
We found the cube roots of 1 were: 1,   i,   i
2 2 2 2
Let's plot these on the complex
plane about 0.9
each line is 1/2 unit
Notice each of
the complex
roots has the
same magnitude
(1). Also the
three points are
evenly spaced
on a circle. This
will always be
true of complex
roots.
Find the 4th root of z  81  cos80  i sin 80 

Find the three cube roots of z = -2+2i

 1. Find the 4th root of 81 r  4 81  3
2. Divide theta by 4 to get 80
  20
the first angle. 4

3. Divide a full circle (360) 360

 90 between answers
by 4 to find out how far apart 4
the answers are.

4. List the 4 answers. z1  3  cos 20  i sin 20 

• The only thing that changesz2  3  cos  20  90   i sin  20  90    3  cos110  i sin110 

is the angle. z  3  cos  110  90   i sin  110  90    3  cos 200  i sin 200 
3
•
 
The number of answers z  3 cos  200  90   i sin  200  90   3  cos 290  i sin 290 
equals the number of roots.
4
  8 cos135 
1 1
2  2i 3
 o
 isin135 o 3

1  3  
1

8 2  cos 135  360k 135  360k
 isin 
   3 3 
For k = 0, 1, and 2, the roots are:


2 cos 45o  i sin 45o 
2  cos165o  i sin 165o 

2 cos 285o  i sin 285o 
 Different forms of complex numbers
1. Rectangular Form
z=a+jb

2. Trigonometric Form
z=r(cos + jsin)
z=r cis

3. Polar Form
z=r

4. Exponential Form
z=rej
 Programme 1: Complex numbers 1
Polar form of a complex number

A complex number can be

expressed in polar coordinates r
and .
z  a  jb
 r (cos  j sin  )
where: a  r cos , b  r sin 

and:

r  a b
2 2 2
 i 1 i 2 i   1  2 
z1  z2  r1e  r2e  r1r2e ,
r1 i  1  2 
z1  z2  e .
r2
Example 15-7. Determine the
product of the following 2 complex
numbers:
 i 0.7
z1  8e i2
z 2  5e
z 3 = z 1z 2   8e i2
  5e   40e
 i 0.7 i1.3

z 3  40(cos1.3  i sin1.3)
 40(0.2675  i 0.9636)
 10.70  i38.54 29
Example 15-9. Determine the quotient
z1/z2 for the following 2 numbers:
 i 0.7
z  8e
1
i2
z  5e
2
i2
z1 8e
z4 =   i 0.7  1.6e i 2.7

z 2 5e
z 4  1.6(cos 2.7  i sin 2.7)
 1.6(0.9041  i 0.4274)
 1.447  i 0.6838 30
Exponential form of a complex number
z=rej
Recall the Maclaurin series:
2 3 4 5
x x x x
ex  1  x      
2! 3! 4! 5!
x3 x5 x 7
sin x  x     
3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6
cos x  1     
2! 4! 6!
 Exponential form of a complex number

So that:


j   j   j   j 
2 3 4 5
j
e 1 j      
2! 3! 4! 5!
2 3 4 5
 1  j  j   j  
2! 3! 4! 5!
 2 4   3 5 
 1      j     
 2! 4!   3! 5! 
 cos   j sin 
 Exponential form of a complex number

Therefore:

z  r  cos   j sin    re j
Exponential form of a complex number
Logarithm of a complex number
Since:
j
z  re
then:

j
ln z  ln r  ln e  ln r  j