Part III: Complex Analysis
i c F u n c t i o n s i ab l es
A n a l y t p l ex V a r
Complex a n d F u n c t i o n s o f C o m
m p l ex P l a n e s
Co a n n E q u a t i o n
c h y - R i em
The Cau s
g r a l C a l cu l u
l ex I n t e
Comp T h e o r e m
u c h y I n t e g r al
Ca t i c F u n c t i o n s
t i v e o f A n a l y
T h e D e ri v a
u r e n t S e r i e s s
l o r a n d L a a u r e nt S er i e
Tay a y l o r S e r i es a n d L
r i es ; T
Power Se t i e s
a n d S i n g u l a r i
Z e r o s T h e o r em
T h e R e s i d u e
dues an d
Complex Planes
• A complex number z is an ordered pair (x, y) ; •In
two complex numbers: and , then
, written as
where
is called the real part and
the imaginary part of z
.
Two complex numbers are equal if and only if:
their real parts are equal and
For a complex number,
their imaginary parts are equal.
The complex conjugate
If x = 0, then z = yi and is called pure imaginary.
The module of z is
Complex Function
• •
Complex analysis is concerned with complex Example 2: Let . Find u and v and calculate
functions that are differentiable in some the value of f at .
domain. Solution: and
Example 1: Let . Find u & v and calculate the
value of f at .
Solution: &
and and
Cauchy-Riemann Equations
• •Example
3: Show that
The complex function:
, is analytic.
z satisfy Cauchy-Riemann equations (CRE) if :
Solution: and
and
and
and
w = f(z) is analytic iff the Cauchy-Riemann equations are
and
satisfied.
Thus, the Cauchy-Riemann equations are always
satisfied.
Therefore, the function is analytic everywhere.
Complex Derivatives
• •and
Example 4: Show that .
Solution: and
and The CRE are identically true and f(z) is
analytic everywhere.
and
Harmonic Function
• •Solution:
(a)
Using the CRE in a region of the z-plane
where f(z) is analytic,
is called harmonic function.
Example 5: .
a) Show that the function is harmonic.
b) Find the conjugate harmonic function Therefore, u is harmonic
v.
c) Find f(z) in terms of z.
Harmonic Function
• •
(b) Since a harmonic function is (c)
analytic it fulfil the CRE
and
Example 6: Find the singular point of the
rational function
. Evaluate .
Solution: is singular at
Thus, the conjugate harmonic
function is:
Elementary Functions
• • Elementary Functions
Exercise:
The exponential function form of
1) Given the function
(a) Show that the function is analytic is:
everywhere (b) hence obtain its derivative.
2) Given a function
a) Show that the function is harmonic, The trigonometric functions form of
b) find the conjugate harmonic function v is are:
c) find f(z) in terms of z.
Analytic Functions
•
Example 7: Let where . Then •
(b) and
a) Write in the form of b) Show that the is analytic. and
Solution: (a) and
Cauchy Riemann Equation is satisfied
f(z) is analytic everywhere.
Analytic Functions
• •
Example 8: Let ; where is a complex variable
defined in the whole complex plane.
Find a) in terms of z only b) Find
Solution: (a)
Analytic Functions
• •Solution:
(b)
If is harmonic, then
Example 9: Solve the following:
What is the value of the integer n if is harmonic for ?
Analytic Functions
• •
Example 10: Let
. Solution:
and
and
and
and
Limit of Complex Functions
• 11: Find the following limits if exist.
Example •
a) b)
Cauchy’s Integral Theorem
• •
Cauchy’s Integral Theorem The derivatives at the point are given
Let f be analytic everywhere on and by Cauchy’s Integral Formula for
within a positively oriented simple derivatives:
closed contour C. For any point interior
to C:
Complex Planes
•
Example 12: Evaluate the following integral using •b)
Cauchy-integral formula:
;