Lecture - 9

Fluid Motion :
Euler’s Equation

WileyPLUS

9/2/21 02:07 AM 1
 V(s,t) = speed of particle
t)e
t

May vary as the particle moves along a path, s s ,

V(
and time, t

et : Direction of velocity vector

en : Direction normal to velocity e s

n

 at
 dV dV de
a  et  V t
dt dt dt

a
dV ( s, t ) V V
  V V  2 n
 V V
dt t s a  V et  en
 t s  r
Centripetal acceleration
det V
 en
dt r
Local acceleration Convective acceleration
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 EULER’S EQUATION on
c ti V
ir e
l-d
Δl
Consider a cylindrical fluid element
Δ A
Δ p). g
Oriented in an arbitrary direction – l (p+
al
At an angle α with horizontal ΔWl V
ΔW
The element is accelerating in l direction, with al
α
A
Z-axis is vertical p.Δ

Pressure on fluid element varies with l - direction

Assume no viscous stresses

Force balance in l- direction

W  l   A    g
 F  [Link] l

 F   p.A   p  p   A  W
l l
z
 Fl  p  A    g  l  A  l
z
Wl  W  sin  sin  
l
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 EULER’S EQUATION on
c ti V
ir e
l-d
 Fl  [Link] Δl
Δ p).
Δ A
g
(p+
al
ΔWl V
z
 Fl  p  A    g  l  A 
ΔW

l A
α
p.Δ

[Link]  A  l    al

z
 p  A    g  l  A   A  l    al p z
l        al
l l
p z
      al 
l l
  p  z     al
l
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EULER’S EQUATION on
c ti V
ir e
l-d
Δl A
 p).
Δ

  p  z     al
Δ g
(p+
l ΔWl
al
V
ΔW

α
Acceleration in l- direction is A
p.Δ
proportional to piezometric
pressure variation in l- direction Norma
l directi
on
Negative sign indicates…… 
 p  z   0
n

For static fluids:

 Flow parallel to a wall:

 p  z   0 No acceleration in normal direction

l
We can apply this even for viscous Newtonian Fluids:
Shear stresses in normal direction are zero
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 Example p=0
l
γ of gasoline = 6.60 kN/m3 1 2
Gasoline 1.83 m
6.1 m
Truck is decelerating: 3.05m/s2
3

Maximum pressure ?

Apply Euler Equation between 1 and 2 along top surface


 p  z     al
Z is constant along this line

-(p2-p1)/6.1 = 6.60x1000/9.81 x (-3.05) l

P2 = 12.52 kPa
12.52 + 6.60 (z2 –z3) = p3
Apply Euler Equation between 2 and 3 along Front
No acceleration in this direction

p2+γz2= p3+γz3 12.52 + 6.60 x 1.83 = p3

P3 = 24.6 kPa
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Pressure Distribution in Rotating Flows
(fluids rotating as solid bodies) ω = 4 rad/s

Centrifugal Separator: Milk Separator

Cyclone Separator: Remove particulate matter from air A’ Z axis 2 A’

A A
1
Consider a cylindrical container with water.

The container is rotated around z- axis

Water surface takes a new shape as shown by red curve 0.5 m

Apply Euler’s equation in r- direction

ar  
V2
r v   r

  p  z     ar
r
d
  p  z     2r
Flow is steady and is function of only r-direction dr

d
  p  z     ar  r2
dr  p   z   
2
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Pressure Distribution in Rotating Flows
(fluids rotating as solid bodies) ω = 4 rad/s

 p   z     r2
C
A’ Z axis 2 A’

2 A A
1

p  V
2
z C v   r
 2 g 0.5 m

Apply the above equation between points 1 and 2 on surface of water

p1
 z1 
 V1 

2
p2
 z2 
V22
z 2  z1 
V22

12
 0.0509 m  5.1cm
 2 g  2g 2 g 2  9.81

p1 and p2 are equal to zero because they are on surface

V1 = zero because r1 = 0 Surface profile: Parabolic

V2 = 0.25 x 4 = 1 m/s
NOT BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
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Example:

Initially: Water level is at i.e. 18 cm

above bottom in both the limbs of
manometer , a and b
8 rad/s

Now, the U-tube manometer is

rotated at 8 rad/s around an
eccentric axis as shown. a b

18 cm 18 cm
The water level changes to the red
position as shown

18 cm 36 cm

Determine new water levels in both

the limbs

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Example:
p1
 z1 
 V1 

2
p2
 z2 
V22
 2 g  2g

8 rad/s
Apply the equation between 1 and 2

2
p1 = p 2 = 0
a b

1
V1 = 8 x 0.18 = 1.44 m/s 18 cm 18 cm

V2 = 8 x 0.36 = 2.88 m/s

V22 V12 18 cm 36 cm
z 2  z1    0.317m
2  g 2g

Because of mass conservation,

Z2= 0.338 m
z 2  z1  0.36m Z1 = 0.0215 m

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The Bernoulli Equation Along a Streamline

Integration of Newton’s second

Law along the path of motion of
particle
Relation between kinetic
energy of particle and work Pathline / Streamline
done on the particle

Let us integrate Euler’s equation Bernoulli Equation

along a pathline

Assume Steady flow:


  p  z     at Path line becomes streamline !
s
Properties depend only on distance, s


  p  z      V  V V 
s  t s  d
  p  z    V  dV
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ds ds 11
The Bernoulli Equation Along a Streamline

Assume Steady flow:

Path line becomes streamline !

Pathline / Streamline
Properties depend only on distance, s

d
  p  z    V  dV
ds ds
 V 2 
 p  z    C
Assume Incompressible Flow  2 

V 2
d d  V 2  p  z   Constant along a streamline
  p  z     2
ds ds  2 
p V2
z  Constant along a streamline
 2 g
d  V 2 
 p  z  0
ds  2 
Do not forget that we have assumed flow to be non-
viscous when we derived Euler’s equation !!
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Example: Venturi
Piezometric Tubes
Velocity at 2, V2 = 2.0 times velocity at 1, V1

Find: Velocity at 2, V2
Flow

1m 0.5 m
p1
 z1  1.0 2

1

p2
 z 2  0.5
 Datum

p1 V12 p2 V22 V22 V12 0.75V22

 z1    z2  0.5   
 2g  2g 2g 2g 2g

V2  3.62 m / s

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 THANK YOU

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