The External

Audit

Chapter Seven

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1. Discuss the nature and role of labor unions in the USA as

a corporate strategic issue.

2. Describe how to conduct an external strategic-
management audit.
3. Discuss 10 major external forces that affect organizations:
economic, social, cultural, demographic, environmental,
political, governmental, legal, technological, and
competitive.
4. Describe key sources of external information.
5. Discuss important forecasting tools used in strategic
management.

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6. Discuss the importance of monitoring external trends and
events.
7. Explain how to develop an EFE Matrix.
8. Explain how to develop a Competitive Profile Matrix.
9. Discuss the importance of gathering competitive
intelligence.
10. Describe the trend toward cooperation among competitors.
11. Discuss market commonality and resource similarity in
relation to competitive analysis.

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► External audit
► focuses on identifying and evaluating trends and
events beyond the control of a single firm
► reveals key opportunities and threats confronting
an organization so that managers can formulate
strategies to take advantage of the opportunities
and avoid or reduce the impact of threats

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► The external audit is aimed at identifying key
variables that offer actionable responses
► Firmsshould be able to respond either
offensively or defensively to the factors by
formulating strategies that take advantage of
external opportunities or that minimize the
impact of potential threats.

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 7-6
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External forces can be divided into five broad
categories:
1. economic forces
2. social, cultural, demographic, and natural
environment forces
3. political, governmental, and legal forces
4. technological forces
5. competitive forces

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 7-8
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► First,gather competitive intelligence and
information about economic, social, cultural,
demographic, environmental, political,
governmental, legal, and technological
trends.

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► Information should be assimilated and
evaluated
► A final list of the most important key external
factors should be communicated

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Key external factors should be:
1. important to achieving long-term and annual
objectives
2. measurable
3. applicable to all competing firms, and
4. hierarchical in the sense that some will pertain to
the overall company and others will be more
narrowly focused on functional or divisional areas

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► TheIndustrial Organization (I/O) approach to
competitive advantage advocates that
external (industry) factors are more important
than internal factors in a firm for achieving
competitive advantage.

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► Firm
performance is based more on industry
properties

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 7-14
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 7-15
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► U.S. Facts
► Aging population
► Less white

► Widening gap between rich & poor

► 2025 = 18.5% population > 65 years

► 2075 = no ethnic or racial majority

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► Facts
► World population 7 billion
► World population = 8 billion by 2028

► World population = 9 billion by 2054

► U.S. population > 310 million

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 7-18
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► The increasing global interdependence
among economies, markets, governments,
and organizations makes it imperative that
firms consider the possible impact of political
variables on the formulation and
implementation of competitive strategies.

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 7-20
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► The extent that a state is unionized can be a
significant political factor in strategic planning
decisions as related to manufacturing plant location
and other operational matters
► The size of American labor unions has fallen
sharply in the last decade due in large part to
erosion of the U.S. manufacturing base

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The Internet has changed the very nature of
opportunities and threats by:
►alteringthe life cycles of products,
►increasing the speed of distribution,

►creating new products and services,

►erasing limitations of traditional geographic markets,

►changing the historical trade-off between production

standardization and flexibility.

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► TheInternet has lowered entry barriers, and
redefined the relationship between industries
and various suppliers, creditors, customers,
and competitors.

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► Many firms now have a Chief Information
Officer (CIO) and a Chief Technology
Officer (CTO) who work together to ensure
that information needed to formulate,
implement, and evaluate strategies is
available where and when it is needed

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Technological advancements can:
► Create new markets
► Result in a proliferation of new and improved
products
► Change the relative competitive cost positions in
an industry
► Render existing products and services obsolete

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► An important part of an external audit is
identifying rival firms and determining their
strengths, weaknesses, capabilities,
opportunities, threats, objectives, and
strategies

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Characteristics of the most competitive
companies:
1. Market share matters
2. Use the vision/mission as a guide for all decisions
3. Whether it’s broke or not, fix it–make it better
4. Continually adapt, innovate, improve
5. Acquisition is essential to growth
6. People make a difference
7. Strive to stay cost-competitive on a global basis

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 7-28
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► Competitive intelligence (CI)
►a systematic and ethical process for gathering
and analyzing information about the
competition’s activities and general business
trends to further a business’s own goals

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The three basic objectives of a CI program are:

1. to provide a general understanding of an industry

and its competitors

2. to identify areas in which competitors are

vulnerable and to assess the impact strategic
actions would have on competitors

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3. to identify potential moves that a competitor
might make that would endanger a firm’s
position in the market

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► Market commonality
► thenumber and significance of markets that a
firm competes in with rivals
► Resource similarity
► the extent to which the type and mount of
a firm’s internal resources are comparable
to a rival

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1. Identify key aspects or elements of each
competitive force that impact the firm.

2. Evaluate how strong and important each

element is for the firm.

3. Decide whether the collective strength of the

elements is worth the firm entering or
staying in the industry.
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► Rivalry among competing firms
► Most powerful of the five forces
► Focus on competitive advantage of strategies
over other firms

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► Potential Entry of New Competitors
► Barriers to entry are important
► Quality, pricing, and marketing can overcome
barriers

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► Need to gain economies of scale quickly
► Need to gain technology and specialized know-how

► Lack of experience

► Strong customer loyalty

► Strong brand preferences

► Large capital requirements

► Lack of adequate distribution channels

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► Government regulatory policies
► Tariffs

► Lack of access to raw materials

► Possession of patents

► Undesirable locations

► Counterattack by entrenched firms

► Potential saturation of the market

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► Potential development of substitute
products
► Pressure increases when:
► Prices
of substitutes decrease
► Consumers’ switching costs decrease

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► BargainingPower of Suppliers is
increased when there are:
► Large numbers of suppliers
► Few substitutes

► Costs of switching raw materials is high

► Backwardintegration is gaining control or

ownership of suppliers

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► Bargaining power of consumers
► Customers being concentrated or buying in
volume affects intensity of competition
► Consumer power is higher where products are
standard or undifferentiated

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1. If buyers can inexpensively switch
2. If buyers are particularly important
3. If sellers are struggling in the face of falling
consumer demand
4. If buyers are informed about sellers’ products,
prices, and costs
5. If buyers have discretion in whether and when
they purchase the product

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► Unpublished sources include customer surveys,
market research, speeches at professional and
shareholders’ meetings, television programs,
interviews, and conversations with stakeholders.
► Published sources of strategic information include
periodicals, journals, reports, government
documents, abstracts, books, directories,
newspapers, and manuals.

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► [Link]
► [Link]
► [Link]
► [Link]
► [Link]

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► Forecasts
► educated assumptions about future trends and
events
► quantitative, qualitative techniques

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► Assumptions
► Best present estimates of the impact of major
external factors, over which the manager has
little if any control, but which may exert a
significant impact on performance or the ability to
achieve desired results.

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► Economic ► Political

► Social ► Governmental

► Cultural ► Technological

► Demographic ► Competitive

► Environmental ► Legal

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1. List key external factors
2. Weight from 0 to 1
3. Rate effectiveness of current strategies
4. Multiply weight * rating
5. Sum weighted scores

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► Identifies firm’s major competitors and their
strengths & weaknesses in relation to a
sample firm’s strategic positions
► Critical success factors include internal and
external issues

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